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THE  POETICAL  ELEMENTS 

IN  THE  DICTION  AND  SYNTAX 

OF  TACITUS 

Charles  Grenville  Cole. 


G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co. 

New  York 

1910. 


THE  POETICAL  ELEMENTS 

IN  THE  DICTION  AND  SYNTAX 

OF  TACITUS 

BY 

Charles  Grenville  Cole,  A.  B..  A.  M. 

(Princeton) 

Submitted  in   Partial   Fulfilment  of  the   Requirements 
for  the  Degree  of 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

in  the 
University  Faculty  of  Language  and  Literature 

NEW  YORK  UNIVERSITY 


1908. 


Contents. 


Page 

Preface 6 

Bibliography 7 

Introduction 9 

Certain  laws  in  the  composition  of  Tacitus'  writings. 
Psychic  factors.  Tacitus'  conception  of  the  function  of 
history.  Poetical  tendency  in  his  works. 

Life  of  Tacitus 10 

How  affected  by  the  time  in  which  he  lived.  Lack  of 
freedom  of  speech.  His  early  style.  Necessity  of  deviation 
from  Cicero's  style. 

Roman  Education 11 

Subjective  and  objective  feeling.  No  public  schools  at 
Eome.  Earliest  training.  Elementary  Schools.  Grammar 
Schools.  Introduction  of  Rhetoric.  Poetical  works  as  text 
books.  Writing  from  poetry  into  prose. 

Recitatio 14 

Nature  of  the  Recitatio.  Organization  of  the  poets' 
guild.  Collegium  Poetarum  may  have  suggested  the 
recitatio. 

Archaisms  and  Graecisms 14 

Sallust  and  Livy  Tacitus'  chief  prose  models.  The  use 
of  Greek  words  and  constructions  due  in  part  to  the  study 
of  poetry  and  in  part  to  the  times. 

Silver  Latinity 15 

Age  of  Silver  Latinity.  Language  the  vehicle  of  thought. 
Augustus  encourages  literature.  Prose  lamentably  wanting. 
Analysis  of  the  elements  of  Silver  Latinity.  Irresponsible 
Emperors.  Language  unnatural  as  outgrowth  of  unnatural 
thinking. 

The  Dialogus   .    . 16 

Poetical  elements.  As  far  as  possible  measures  up  to 
Ciceronian  standard.  Shows  the  influence  instilled  within 
Tacitus  by  the  study  of  the  poets. 

1* 


296239 


Page 

Tacitus'  Works  in  General 17 

A.  Variety  mixed  with  poetical  coloring.      Tacitus   feels  the 
necessity  of  Euphemism.     He  displays  a  fine  soul  feeling 
and  keen  sympathy. 

B.  Tacitus'  Real  Debt  to  Vergil 19 

Laid  Vergil  deeply  under  contribution.  Made  what  he 
borrowed  his  own.  Eomans  of  all  ages  borrowed.  No 
plagiarism.  Roman  authors  not  judged  on  their  own 
merits. 

I.  Poetical  words  first  introduced  by  him 21 

II.  Certain  words,  hitherto,  in  sense  exclusively  poetical  21 

III.  Keminiscences      29 

C.  Tacitus'  probable  Debt  to  Vergil 32 

I.  Substantival  use  of  adjectives 32 

II.  Neuter  adjectives  or  participles,  used  substantively, 

found  in  Vergil 33 

III.  Transitive  Accusative 33 

IV.  Compound    verbs    used   by  Tacitus    with   a  simple 
accusative 34 

V.  Examples  from  Vergil 34 

VI.  Genitive  with  Adjectives      35 

VII.  Similar  Construction  in  Vergil 36 

VIII.  Simple  for  Compound  Verbs 36 

IX.  Simple  for  Compound  Verbs  in  Vergil 37 

X.  Intransitive  use  of  verbs  usually  transitive    ....  38 

XI.  Cases  occuring  in  Vergil 38 

XII.  Infinitive  of  Purpose 38 

XIII.  Some  examples  from  Vergil 39 

XIV.  Infinitives  with  adjectives 40 

XV.  Cases  to  be  noted  in  Vergil 41 

XVI.  Reflexive  verbs 41 

XVII.  Reflexive  verbs  in  Vergil 41 

XVIII.  Greek  Accusative 42 

XIX.  Vergil  uses  the  Greek  Accusative 42 

XX.  The  Accusative  towards  which  motion  takes  place     .  43 

XXI.  Examples  from  Vergil 43 

XXII.  Partitive  or  Quasi  Partitive  Genitive 43 

a)  After  neuter  singular  adjectives 43 

b)  After  neuter  plural  adjectives 44 

XXIII.  Partitive  or  Quasi  Partitive  in  Vergil 45 

a)  Adjectives  in  the  singular       45 

b)  Adjectives  in  the  plural     ........  45 

XXIV.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object  with  implied  local  relation 
where    the  Ablative   with  a   preposition    would   be 
more  usual 45 

XXV.  Parallel  construction  in  Vergil 45 

XXVI.  Dative  instead  of  the  Genitive 45 

XXVII.  Some  Vergilian  Passages      46 


Page 

XXVIII.  Dative  of  agent 46 

XXIX.  In  Vergil 46 

XXX.  Dative  after  Compound  Verbs   for  the   Accusative 

with  a  preposition 47 

XXXI.  Common  in  Vergil 47 

XXXII.  Dative  of  Purpose 47 

XXXIII.  Dative  of  Purpose  in  Vergil 48 

XXXIV.  Local  Ablative 48 

XXXV.  Similar  Construction  in  Vergil 49 

XXXVI.  Ablative  of  Place  Whence  (without  a  preposition)     .  49 

XXXVII.  Some  examples  from  Vergil 50 

XXXVIII.  Anastrophe      50 

XXXIX.  Anastrophe  in  Vergil 51 

XL.  Adjectives  for  adverbs      52 

XLI.  Adjectives  for  adverbs  in  Vergil 52 

XLII.  Substantives  for  adjectives 53 

XLIII.  From  Vergil 53 

XLIV.  The  use  of  the  preposition  ex   for  adjectives    and 

adverbs 53 

XLV.  Vergil 54 

XL VI.  Eare  prepositions 55 

LXVII.  Qui  Eelative  where  Quis  =  Quitws 55 

LXVIII.  From  Vergil 56 

XLIX.  Quamquam  with  the  Subjunctive 57 

L.  Metonymy  and  abstract  for  concrete  terms  ....  58 

LI.  Personification 61 

LII.  Metaphors 62 


Preface. 


Any  work  in  connection  with  the  writings  of  Tacitus  is 
hard,  for,  his  style  is  rather  concise  and  abstract  and  is  filled 
with  sentiment  and  fire.  Then  too  as  Macaulay  says:  He  car- 
ries his  love  of  effect  far  beyond  the  limits  of  moderation.  He 
tells  a  story  finely,  but  he  cannot  tell  a  plain  story  plainly. 
He  stimulates,  till  stimulants  lose  their  power. 

To  accomplish  a  particular  line  of  research  in  Tacitus' 
works  one  must  have  first  the  feeling  for  his  style  and  then 
approach  it  as  a  prospector  with  his  tools,  seeking  only  the 
objective  precious  metal  among  many  precious  metals.  For 
the  arousing  of  the  necessary  sentiment  I  am  deeply  indebted 
to  Dr.  E.  G.  Sihler  of  New  York  University.  In  the  biblio- 
graphy I  make  mention  of  the  prospectors'  tools,  works  which 
indicate  many  precious  metals.  My  only  task  then  is,  as  a 
prospector  seeking  an  objective  metal,  the  poetical  element  in 
Tacitus,  to  make  a  judicious  selection  from  all  these  works  in 
connection  with  the  text  itself  of  Tacitus.  This  is  the  apology 
for  the  attempt  to  add  something  to  that  which  has  already 
been  written  on  Tacitus. 

Orange,  N.  J.,  July  10th,  1908. 


Bibliography. 


Grammars. 

Draeger,  A.  Ueber  Syntax  und  Stil  des  Tacitus.  Leipzig  1882. 
Gantrelle.  Grammaire  et  style  de  Tacite.  2nd  Ed.  Paris  1882. 
Sirker,  C.  Taciteisehe  Formenlehre.  Berlin  1871. 

Lexicons. 

Botticher,  Guil.    Lexicon  Taciteum.    Berlin  1830. 
Gerber,  A.  et  Greef,  A.    Lexicon  Taciteum.    Lipsiae  1877. 
Wolf fl in.    Philologus  XX1V-XXV1I. 

Texts  of  Tacitus. 

Cornelii  Taciti  Libri  qui  supersunt.  Eec.  Halm.    Leipzig  1901. 

Tacitus.    Erklart  von  Nipperdey.  Leipzig  1851. 

Furneaux,   Henry.     Annals  of  Tacitus.    2nd.  Ed.    2  Vols.     Oxford 
1906. 

Texts  of  Yergil. 

Connington  revised  by  Nettleship.    London  1881 — 1883. 
Kibeck,  O.    Virgilus  Opera.    Leipzig  1907. 

Texts  of  Horace. 

Desprez,  Ludovicus  recog.    New  York  1820. 
Wickham,E.  C.    Ed.  2  Vols.    Oxford  1893. 

Leverett,  F.  P.    Juvenal.    Boston  1854. 
Helvetius,  Daniel  Crispinus.    Ovid.    London  1878. 
Bonn  ell.    Quintilianus  Institutuo  Oratia.    Leipzig  1903. 

Works  in  General. 

Clemm,    Guil.       De    breviloquentiae    Tacitiae    qtribusdam    generibus. 
Leipzig  1881. 


Cooper,  F.  T.    Eoman  Bermo  Plebeius.    New  York  1895. 

Groag,   E.     Zur  Kritik   V.     Tacitus   Quellen  id.   Historien.     Leipzig 

1897. 
Teuffel    and    Schwabe.       History   of    Eoman    Literature.       London 

1891. 


The  excerpts  in  the  body  of  the  thesis  hare  been  taken  for  the 
most  part  from  the  Teubner  texts.  Whenever  it  has  been  necessary  to 
consult  such  writers  as  Seneca,  Pliny,  Sallust,  Livy,  and  Cicero,  the 
Teubner  texts  have  again  been  laid  under  contribution. 


Introduction. 

A  careful  analysis  of  the  works  of  Tacitus  will  show  that 
he  followed  certain  laws  in  the  composition  of  his  writings; 
and  it  may  be  observed  further  that  his  conformity  to  these 
laws  makes  possible  a  statement  of  his  style  and  syntax  under 
three  general  heads,  —  Variety,  Brevity,  and  Poetical  Coloring. 
In  a  study  of  the  poetical  elements  in  the  works  of  Tacitus  it 
is  necessary  to  understand  that  anyone  or  all  these  elements 
may  appear. 

Close  observational  reading  of  Tacitus'  several  writings 
will  reVeal  the  psychic  factors  which  called  for  such  a  catego- 
rical division  of  these  elements  and  for  a  strict  conformity  to 
the  laws  underlying  them.  These  psychic  factors  found  their 
generating  force  and  their  developing  power  in  the  life  of  Ta- 
citus, whose  life  was  mightily  affected  by  the  ever  changing 
scenes  of  corruption,  vice  and  murder,  and  many  other  repul- 
sive moral  and  physical  acts.  So  many  times  did  he  have  to 
narrate  heinous  crimes  and  flagrant  offenses,  and  so  much  of 
the  same  nature  and  kind,  that  he  had  to  have  recourse  to 
the  most  forceful  way  of  presenting  them. 

A  study  of  Tacitus'  conception  of  the  function  of  history 
will  disclose  clearly,  that  his  true  purpose  in  writing  history 
was  a  moral  one,  for,  he  himself  says:  Quod  praecipuum 
munus,  annalium  reor ,  ne  virtutis  sileantur,  utque  prams 
dictis  factisque  ex  posteritate  et  infamia  metus  sit.1)  He 
wishes  to  emphasize  noble  conduct  and  urge  imitation,  to  show 


Ann.  3,  65. 


—    10    — 

the  evils  of  base  conduct  and  advise  its  avoidance,  to  formulate 
principles  of  political  conduct:  Posse  etiam  sub  malis  principi- 
bus  magnos  viros  esse.1)  Therefore,  since  Tacitus'  purpose  is  a 
moral  one,  and  is  of  the  heart  and  not  simply  of  the  head,  it 
is  necessary  to  consider  briefly  the  environment  in  which  his 
life  was  lived  in  order  to  understand  fully  his  style.  It  is  not 
enough  to  point  out  the  occurences  of  poetical  elements  in  his 
works,  but  also  to  know  the  poetry  of  his  soul.  To  give  ex- 
pression to  his  heart's  pangs,  and  the  emotion  of  the  sublime 
moment  of  moral  victory,  he  resorted  to  an  epigrammatic  style, 
sometimes  going  to  the  extreme,  almost  of  poetical  license,  in 
his  tendency  toward  vivid  contrast  and  in  his  lofty  appeals  for 
a  notice  of  examples  of  noble  conduct.  Hence,  many  times, 
like  Macaulay,  he  prostitutes  historical  exactness  before  the 
tendency  of  satirical  exaggeration. 

Life  of  Tacitus. 

Cornelius  Tacitus  was  probably  born  55  A.  D.  and  died 
120  A.  D.;  hence  he  lived  at  the  time  of  Nero,  Galba,  Otho, 
Vitellius,  Vespasian,  Titus,  Domitian,  and  Trajan.  His  boyhood 
falls  under  Nero;  his  assumption  of  the  ,,toga  virilis"  perhaps 
occurred  during  the  reign  of  Galba,  Otho,  and  Vitellius;  the 
former  part  of  his  manhood  was  spont  under  Vespasian  and 
Titus,  and  the  prime  of  his  life  under  Domitian,  while  his  literary 
activity  reached  its  height  under  Trajan. 

How  in  his  youth  he  saw,  even  felt,  the  inhuman  despo- 
tism of  Nero,  and  what  an  effect  the  anarchy  and  civil  war 
during  the  year  of  Galba,  Otho,  and  Vitellius  had  upon  him, 
and  how  he  regarded  the  tyrrany  of  Domitian,  he  himself  tells : 
Paulatim  dehinc  ab  undecoris  ad  infesta  transgrediebantur 
**####*******  Mamercus  antiqua  exempla  jacens  ******* 

videlicet  —  Scipio  et  Cato  talia  ulciscebantur.9) — 

—  —  —  Proprium  id  Tiberio  fuit  Scelera  nuper  reperta 
priscis  verbis  obtegere  *********  silenti  reo,  vel  si  defensionem 
coeptaret,  non  occultante  cuius  ira  premeretur.3)  The  reigns 
of  Vespasian  and  Titus  furnished  a  striking  contrast  to  what 
had  preceded,  but  alas  of  too  short  duration!  But  in  the 
reigns  of  Nerva  and  Trajan  all  that  pent  up  feeling  of  the 


*)  Agr.  42,  5.  a)  Ann.  3,  66.  3)  Ann.  4,  19. 


—   11  — 

reality  of  crime  and  horror  found  its  way  out  in  the  freedom 
of  thought  and  speech.  To  Tacitus,  all  that  had  passed  was  a 
dramatic  horror.  The  full  force  of  these  events  and  experiences 
shaped  Tacitus'  final  style  of  which  the  poetical  element  is  no 
small  part.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar,  and  without  doubt 
this  had  its  effect  upon  his  style,  at  least  in  the  early  stage 
of  its  development.  However,  as  Teuffel  rightly  observes.  ,,The 
Dialogus  de  oratoribus  is  an  attempt  to  demonstrate  and  ex- 
plain the  decay  of  oratory  in  the  Imperial  period  ****."  ,,In 
point  of  style  this  treatise  is  an  interesting  record  of  the  period 
of  Tacitus'  life  when,  fresh  from  the  study  of  Cicero's  rheto- 
rical works,  he  endeavored  to  imitate  that  writer."1)  But  even 
here  he  feels  a  deviation  from  that  author's  style  is  imperative, 
since  he  himself  tells  us  that  a  pleader  of  his  day  can  no 
longer  conduct  a  case  as  Cicero  did:  Novis  et  exquisitis  elo- 
quentiae  itineribus  opus  est,  utique  apud  eos  judices  qui  vi 
et  potestate,  non  jure  et  legibus  cognoscunt  nee  accipiunt 
tempora  ***********  se(^  saepe  ultra  ****  transgredientem 
revocant  *******.  Quis  nunc  peret  oratorem  de  infirmitate 
valetudinis  suae  praefantem 


Roman  Education. 

Granting  that  the  necessity  for  poetical  coloring  found 
its  beginning  in  the  soul  of  Tacitus  in  consequence  of  the  in- 
fluence of  events  and  experiences  upon  that  soul,  yet  there 
must  have  been  some  suggestion  of  the  objective  form  with 
which  to  clothe  the  subjective  feeling.  The  idea  of  the  parti- 
cular poetical  elements  may  be  thought  to  have  been  born  of 
the  training  which  we  may  believe  that  a  boy  of  position 
secured.  There  were  no  public  schools  at  Rome:  the  earliest 
training  which  a  boy  secured  was  at  home  under  his  father 
and  mother. 

Atque  si  vitis  mediocribus  ae  mea  paueis 
Mendosa  et  natura  aliqui  recta,  —  velut  si 
Egregio  inspersos  reprehendas  corpore  naevos 
Si  neque  avaritiam  neque  sordes  aut  mala  lustra 
Obfieiet  vere  quisquam  mihi,  purus  et  insons  — 
Ut  me  eollandem  —  si  et  vivo  earns  amieis; 
Causa  fuit  pater  his,  ********************«) 


Teuffel  II,  334.        2)  Dial.  19,  20.        8)  Hor.  lib.  I,  Sat.  6,  65—71. 


—     12     — 

At  about  the  age  of  seven  the  boys  came  under  the  care  of 
regular  teachers ;  the  teachers  were  generally  competent  slaves, 
perhaps  captured  in  war  and  ,,were  often  much  better  educated 
than  their  Koman  Masters".  Because  there  was  not  always  a 
competent  slave  in  every  family,  an  owner  of  such  a  slave 
would  allow  other  boys  than  his  own  to  be  taught  with  his  at 
his  own  home.  Finally  a  more  convenient  place  was  secured 
and  hence  arose  elementary  schools.  In  these  schools  the  sub- 
jects taught  were  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  Horace 
refers  to  a  school  of  this  kind,  in  a  touching  way. 

'***,  qui  macro  pauper  agello 
Noluit  in  flavi  ludum  me  miltere,  magni 
Quo  pueri  magnis  e  centurionibus  orti 
Laevo  suspensi  loeulos  tabulamque  lacerto, 
Ibant  octonis  referentes  idibus  aera.1) 

After  the  Punic  wars  Koman  Education  was  extended  because 
in  their  contact  with  other  peoples  the  Komans  came  to  learn 
Greek  and  hence  to  know  Greek  methods  of  education.  Then 
there  arose  grammar  schools,  the  teachers  of  which  were 
Grammatici,  who  used  as  text  books  poetical  works.  But  we 
may  see  that  these  text  books  were  Latin  translations  of  Greek 
poets,  so  that  from  the  earliest  times  the  Roman  youth  was 
acquainted  with  poetry.  In  the  works  of  Tacitus  we  find  a 
few  words  used  by  Ennius  in  his  writings,  which  might  indicate 
that  Tacitus  had  studied  the  works  of  that  teacher  of  Latin 
and  Greek.2)  On  the  introduction  of  Rhetoric  and  Grammar 
into  the  education  at  Rome  Suetonius  remarks:  Rhetorica 
quoque  apud  nos  perinde  atque  grammatica  fere  recepta  est, 
paulo  etiam  difficilius,  quippe  quam  constet  nonnumquam  etiam 
prohibitam  exerceri  ******  paulatim  et  ipsa  (Rhetorica)  utilis 
honestaque  apparuit,  multique  earn  et  praesidii  causa  et  gloriae 
appetiverant.  *******  Quare  magno  studio  hominibus  iniecto, 
magna  etiam  professorum  ac  doctorum  profluxit  copia}  adeoque 
floruit,  ut  non  nulli  ex  infima  fortuna  in  ordinem  senatorium 
atque  ad  summos  honor es  processerint.3) 


1)  Hor.  lib.  I,  Sat.  6,  65-71. 

2)  I  have  not  been  able  to  conclude  whether  Tacitus   was   acqua- 
inted with  such  words  thru  a  study  of  Ennius  or  of  some  other  author 
who  had  used  them. 

*)  De  Rhet.  Cap.  I. 


The  custom  of  using  poetical  works  as  text-books   never 

lapsed    and    coming   down  to  Tacitus'   time  we  find  their  use 

still  prevalent.  Juvenal  mentions  the  use  of  Horace  and 
Vergil  as  text-books. 

Quot  stabant  pueri,  quum  totus  decolor  esset 
Flacetis,  et  haereret  nigro  fuligo  Maroni.1) 

Teuffel  observes,  „ Vergil  obtained  from  the  first  the  highest 
reputation;  his  poems  were  at  an  early  time  admitted  into 
schools,  imitated,  translated,  commented  on."2) 

Apud  Vergilium,  quern  propteria  parvuli  legunt  ut  vide- 
licet poeta  magnus  omniumque  praeclarissimus  atque  optimus 
teneris  ebibitus  animis  non  facile  oblivione  posset  aboleri.3) 

Fertur  in  scholis  saepissime  cantasse  inter  puerulos  'Arma 
Amens  Capio'  (Aen.  II,  314-J. 4)  —  Vergilianos  versus  qualiter 
eos  pueri  magistris  praelegentibus  canebamus.5) 

This  practice,  in  school,  of  writing  passages  from  Vergil, 
in  prose,  undoubtedly  had  a  great  influence  upon  the  style  of 
those  who  followed  this  exercise.  Augustinus  refers  to  this 
school  custom  as  follows :  Sine  me,  deus  meus,  dicere  aliquid 
et  de  ingenio  meo ,  munere  tuo,  in  quibus  a  me  delirementis 
ad  terebatur.  Proponebatur  enim  mihi  negotium  animae  meae 
satis  inquietem  praemis  laudis  et  dedecoris,  vel  plagorum  metu, 
ut  dicerem  verba  Junonis6)  irascentis  et  dolentis,  quod  non 
potest  Italia  Teucrorum  avertere  regem,  quae  numquam  Junonem 
dixisse  audierim.  Sed  figmentorum  poeticorum  vestigia  er- 
rantes  sequi  cogebamur,  et  tale  aliquid  dicere  solutis  verbis, 
quale  poeta  dixisset  versibus.  Et  ille  dicebat  laudabilius,  in- 
quo  pro  dignitate  adumbratrae  personae ,  irae  ac  doloris 
similior  adfectus  eminebat  verbis  sententias  congruentur  vesti- 
entibus.7)  In  the  schools  of  Khetoric  Vergil  was  also  used  as 
a  basis  of  exercises  for  the  students.  -  -  Solebat  fuscus  ex 
Virgilio  multa  trahere.8)  —  Titianus  et  Calvus  qui  themata 
omnia  de  Virgilio  elicuerunt  et  deformaverunt  ad  dicendi 
usurn.9) 


*)  Sat.  VII,  226—227.  2)  Teuffel  I,  231. 

8)  Augustin,  Civ.  del  1,  3. 

4)  Jul.  Capitol.  Clod.  Albin.  5,  2. 

5)  Mac.  Sat.  1,  24,  5.  6)  Aeneid  I,  36—75. 
')  Augustin  Confess.  1,  17,  27. 

8)  Sen.  Suas.  3,  5.  9)  Serv.  Aen.  10,  18. 


—     14     — 

Recitatio. 

Since  multiplying  books  was  an  expensive  process,  and 
because  a  writer  wished,  perhaps,  to  gain  a  recognition  for  his 
works  when  finally  put  in  written  form  for  the  public  (Reci- 
tantes  et  benigne  et  patienter  audiit  (Pollio  Asinus),  nee  tan- 
turn  carmina  et  historias  sed  et  orationesj, *)  oftentimes  a 
reading  or  recitatio  was  given  before  a  number  of  a  writer's 
own  friends  (T.  Labienus  *******  declamavit  non  quidem  po- 
pulo  sed  egreyie.  Non  admittebat  populum  et  quia  non  dum 
haec  consuetudo  erat  Industra  et  quia  portabat  turpe  ac 
frivolae  jactationis),*)  or  publicly  in  the  temple  of  Apollo,  or 
in  the  house  of  some  rich  and  noted  man.  This  undoubtadly 
led  to  the  need  of  an  emphasis  upon  striking  ways  of  saying 
things  —  such  an  emphasis  as  would  sometimes  be  given  by 
poetical  structure  and  archaic  forms.  As  early  as  the  time  of 
Livius  Andronicus  the  temple  of  Minerva  in  the  Plebeian 
quarter  of  the  Aventine  was  assigned  to  the  poets'  guild  and 
called  the  collegium  poetarum.  The  recitatio  may  have  been 
an  outgrowth  of  this  poets'  guild,  i.  e.  while  the  ,,scribae 
histrionesque"  were  ranked  with  the  other  collegia  opiftcum 
and  artificium,  yet  these  may  have  been  suggested  by  the 
collegium  poetarum.  It  is  wise  to  conclude  that  those  who 
conducted  recitationes,  as  litterateurs,  not  only  frequented  the 
collegium  poetarum,  but  also  carried  away  from  there  some  of 
the  poetical  spirit;  and  from  the  frequency  of  their  visits  be- 
came well  acquainted  with  the  power  of  attraction  found  in 
poetry  for  commanding  attention,  and  fully  realized  the  value 
of  this  power  in  narrating  platitudinous  subjects  in  prose. 

Archaisms  and  Graeeisms, 

Tacitus'  chief  prose  models  are  Sallust  and  Livy,  and  while 
from  the  latter  he  might  have  imbibed  the  idea  of  some  of 
the  value  of  the  poetical  element  in  prose,  he  certainly  in  the 
former  discovered  the  element  of  the  striking  by  way  of 
Archaisms,  a  thing  which  is  in  itself  poetical.  So,  we  find 
him  using  old  words  and  thereby  indulging  his  poetical  feeling 


*)  Suet  Aug.  89.  3)  Sen.  Controv.  praef.  4. 


—     15     — 

which  was  engendered  by  his  study  of  the  poets  and  at  the 
same  time  yielding  to  the  necessity  of  Variety. 

The  use  of  Greek  words  and  constructions  was  due  in 
part  to  the  study  of  poetry  and  in  part  to  the  prevailing  and 
increasing  taste  ,,for  what  was  Greek  as  such".  Although 
Tacitus  was  loath  to  introduce  more  of  the  Greek  than  was 
already  current,  yet  he  had  to  yield  to  the  exegencies  of 
the  times. 

Juvenal  remarks  thus  upon  the  Graecizing  of  Rome: 

Non  possum,  ferre  Quirites, 

Oraeeam  ubem:  Quamvis  quota  portis  faecis  Achaei? 
Jam  pridem  Syrus  in  Tiberim  defluxit  orontes, 
Et  linguam,  et  mores,  et  cum  Tibieine  Ckordas 
Obliquas,  nee  non  Gentilia  Tympana  seeum 
Vexit,  et  ad  cireum  jussas  prostare  puettas. 

lie,  quibus  grata  est  picta  lupa  barbara  mitra. 

******************************************************** 

Orammatieus,  Rhetor,  Oeometres,  Pietor,  Aliptes, 
Augur,  Sehoenobates,  Medicus,  Magis;  omnia  novit 
Graeculus  esuriens  in  coelum,  jusseris,  ibit. 

********************************************************* 
Qui  sumpsit  pennas,  Mediis  sed  Natus  Athenis.1) 


Silver  Latinity. 

The  age  of  Silver  Latinity  begins  A.  D.  14  or  with  the 
reign  of  Tiberius.  Why  the  end  of  one  Emperor's  reign  should 
conclude  one  style  of  writing  and  that  of  another  give  rise  to 
another  style  might  to  the  average  student  appear  strange. 
But  when  it  is  considered  that  language  is  but  the  vehicle  of 
thought,  and  that  thought  is  largely  the  offspring  of  environ- 
ment or  the  desire  for  a  certain  set  of  conditions,  then  the 
matter  clears  itself. 

Under  Augustus,  certain  kinds  of  literature  could  exist 
and  were  encouraged.  The  government  had  been  shaken  for  a 
long  time  by  civil  wars,  and  the  feeling  that  there  was  to  be 
security  and  peace  under  Augustus  gave  rise  to  a  literature 
which  was  indicative  of  the  hopes  of  those  who  wrote.  Augustus 
himself  regarding  such  literature  as  the  most  powerful  agency 
for  bringing  this  hope  of  peace  before  the  minds  of  men  who 


')  Sat.  Ill,  60  et  seq. 


—     16    — 

had  now  lost  their  political  freedom,  encouraged  it.  It  is  true, 
however,  that  prose  was  lamentably  wanung  in  quantity  during 
his  reign,  but  if  so,  it  was  more  so,  relative  to  the  number  of 
years,  during  the  century  next  following  his  reign. 

An  analysis  of  Silver  Latinity  shows  the  following  to 
be  true. 

Change  of  periodic  style  to  short  conversational  style. 

Greek  constructions  introduced. 

Many  new  words  adopted.      Old  words  changed  or  given 
new  meaning. 

Khetorical  figures  replace  natural  and  proper  methods. 

Brilliant  figurative  style. 

Cultivated  antithesis. 

Artificial  rhetorical  methods. 

During  the  years  14 — 117,  for  the  most  part,  tyranny, 
despotism,  and  irresponsible  emperors  were  the  order.  Men 
could  not  talk,  much  less  write.  Under  such  conditions  they 
thought,  and  those  who  did  not  think  simply  looked  on  at  the 
passing  scene  and  became  ,,sour  and  morbid".  What  had  been 
the  rule  became  the  exception,  and  the  rule  came  to  be  that 
men  in  their  silence  became  unnatural  in  their  thoughts  or 
ways  of  thinking  and  hence  their  language  unnatural  when  the 
time  came  for  expression.  But  if  these  thoughts  determined 
the  kind  of  expression,  they  did  not  determine  the  quality.  As 
has  been  remarked  above  (Page  9),  some  vehicle  of  language 
had  to  be  found  to  reiterate  crime  after  crime  in  a  striking 
way;  and  this  all  the  more  so  on  account  of  the  recitatio. 
Vide  Page  14.  Hence  the  elements  in  the  above  analysis,  and 
of  which  Tacitus  stands  as  the  example  and  exponent. 

The  Dialogus.1) 

It  is  interesting  to  note,  and  worthy  of  more  than  passing 
thought,  how  much  of  the  poetical  there  is  in  the  Dialogus,2) 


a)  This  remark  on  the  Dialogus  is  made  here  simply  to  emphasize 
the  fact  that  the  smouldering  scintilla  of  the  poetical  is  present  and  that 
it  burns  more  and  more  thru  his  successive  works,  until  it  bursts  out  in 
full  blaze  in  the  Annals. 

a)  It  is  assumed  that  Tacitus  wrote  the  Dialogus.  Beatus  Ehenanus 
(1485—1547)  questioned  the  Tacitean  Authorship,  also  Justus  Lipsius  (1547 
to  1606).  The  work  has  been  assigned  severally,  to  Quintillian  and  Pliny. 


—     17     — 

since  in  it  Tacitus  seeks  to  measure  up  to  the  Ciceronian 
standard  as  far  as  possible;  V.  page  11,  for  it  shows  that  Ta- 
citus was  unable  to  get  away  altogether  from  the  poetical  in- 
fluence instilled  within  him  by  the  study  of  the  poets. 

Genitive  of  Specification.1) 
incertus  futuri  13.    patientissimus  veri  8. 

Ablative  of  Place. 
Statuar  tumulo  13.    Exsurgit  toris  21. 

Simple  for  Compound  Verbs, 
pellere  =  depellere  17.    flexisse  =  deflexisse  19. 

Quamquam  with  Subjunctive. 

quamquam disputes  15.     quamquam  ....  natus 

sit  21. 

Infinitive  depending  upon  an  adjective, 
obnoxium  offendere  10.    manifestus  est  accingi  16. 
probasse  contentus  18.    significasse  contentus  23. 
detrectasse  contentus  26. 

Anastrophe. 

ipso  quin  immo  6.      inde  quin  immo  33.      impsam  quin 
immo  39. 

Variety  mixed  with  Poetical  Coloring, 
fatalis  et  meus  dies  18. 

Tacitus'  Works  in  General. 
A.  Variety  mixed  with  Poetical  Coloring. 

Nowhere  does  Tacitus  feel  the  necessity  of  euphemism 
more  than  in  mentioning  death,  and  in  this  he  shows  a  great 
variety  tinctured  with  the  poetical  element.  In  this  variety 
found  in  his  works,  Tacitus  displays  that  finer  soul  feeling  and 
keener  sympathy  which  is  alone  characteristic  of  those  who  have 
seen  and  felt,  and  possibly  been  compelled  to  aid  in  condemning 
some  unfortunate  creature,  the  object  of  a  tyrant's  hatred. 


*)  These  references  will  'be  found  in  duplicate  elsewhere  in  the  body 
of  the  thesis  for  facility  in  comparison  of  occurence. 


reliquendae  vitae  certus  an  4,  34.  finis  sponte  sumptus  ann> 
6,  25.  quaesita  mors  ann.  3,  16.  suo  ictu  mortem  invenire 
ann.  1,  61,  finem  vitae  sibi  ponere  ann.  6,  40.  sumere  exitium 
ann.  3,  7.  voluntario  exitu  cadere  ann.  6,  40.  sua  manu 
cadere  an*  6,  39.  mortem  sponte  sumere  ann.  2,  66.  se  vita 
privare  ann.  4,  30.  se  ipsum  interficere  H.  2,  18.  Voluntate 
exstingui  ann.  6,  25.  vim  vitae  suae  adferre  ann.  6,  38;  12, 
59.  Vitam  abstinentia  finire  4,  35.  egestate  cibi  perimi  ann. 
6,  25.  (Venenum)  haurire  ann.  15,  64;  16,  14.  gladio  in- 
cumbere  ann.  5,  7.  Senile  manu  ferrum  tentare  ann.  6,  9. 
fuso  per  venas  sanguine  extinguitur  H.  11,  16.  per  abruptas 

venas  sanguinem  effudit  ann.  6,  29.    incisas  venas 

aperire  rursum  ann.  16,  19.  brachia  exsolvere  ann.  15,  63. 
levem  ictum  venis  inferre  ann.  5,  89.  Morte  fato  propere 
auferri  ann.  1,  3.  Mortem  obire  ann.  2,  83;  16,  6.  Mortali- 
tatem  explere  ann.  14,  4.  finem  vitae  [implere  ann.  2,  42. 
Supremum  diem  explere  ann.  1,  6.  concedere  vita  ann.  1,  3; 
3,  30;  6,  39;  12,  39;  14;  51.  Vitam  finire  ann.  1,  9.  fatalis 
et  meus  dies  D.  18,  13;  H.  1,  18.  Venas  resolvit  ann.  6,  48; 
6,  9.  abruptis  brachiorum  venis  obiit  an.  15,  59.  suadente 
venas  abrumpere  an.  16,  9.  brachiorum  venas  Torquatus  inter 
scidit  an.  15,  35.  abscinditur  venae  an.  15,  16.  eodem  ferre 
abscindunt  venas  an.  16,  11.  Venae  quamquam  interruptae 
parum  sanguinis  effundebant  ann.  16,  5.  defunctis  regibus 
ann.  12,  23;  2,  42;  H.  5,  9.  defuncto  rege  an.  6,  3;  1,  3; 
1,  7;  2,  66.  Marcello  defuncto  an.  6,  27.  defuncto  Augusto 
an.  6,  27.  quo  defuncto  an.  2,  64;  3,  56.  etiam  defuncto 
necdum  sepulto  curiam  ingressus  est  ann.  4,  85.  quartum 
intra  mensem  defuncto  infante  ann.  15,  23.  ibi  defunctis 
fatale  praesagium  implevit  ann.  11,  21.  vitam  defuncti  homi- 
nis  A.  1,  13.  cito  extinguuntur  A.  3.  Extinguuntur  magnae 

animae  A.  46.    Alterum exstinguendo  an.  4,  15.     fuso 

per   venas   sanguine   exstinguitur    H.  4,   11.     ferro 

veneno  ....  exstinctas  ann.  3, 19.    Morte  fortuita  an  per  vene- 

num  exstinctus  esset  an.  12,  52.    quo  damnati exstin- 

gueretur  an.  15,  64.  intra  annum  exstinctus  est  Agr.  14. 
Druso  pridem  exstincto  an.  1,  3.  Neque  multo  post  extincto 
Maximo  an.  1,  5.  Neque  multo  poet  extinguitur  an.  2,  72. 
Si  extinctus  foret  an.  3,  49.  Drusus  deinde  extinguitur  an. 

6,  23.    Seniores extinguuntur  an.  16,  11.     Nee 

ilium   sponte   extinctum  an.  3,  16.     quam voluntate 


—     19    — 

extinetam  an.  6,  25.    Athienses  tot  cladibus  extinctos  an.  2,  55. 

Multo obisse  an.  3,  63.    obiere  eo  anno  vivi  inlustres 

an.  3,  75.  obiere  eo  anno  viri  nobiles  an.  4,  44.  obiit  et  An- 
tonius  an.  4,  44.  obiit  eodem  anno  et  Lepidus  an.  6,  27.  fato 
obiit  an.  6,  10.  Mortis  imaginem  obisse  an.  15,  70.  Burrus 
concessit  vita  ann.  14,  51.  eodem  mori  oppeteret  nan.  2,  24. 
eodem  modo  oppeterent  an.  4,  50.  vitam  pessima  morte 
finierim  an.  2,  71.  vitamque  ....  finivit  an.  4,  35.  Boudicca 
vitam  veneno  finivit  ann.  14,  37.  finita  Juliorum  Claudiorumque 
domo  H.  1,  16. 

In  the  following  examples  Tacitus  shows  his  poetical  in- 
stinct. Poetry  is  music  expressed  in  words  and  music  is  one 
of  the  soul's  best  possessions  when  truly  possessed  by  it.  So 
poetry  is  a  soul  possession  and  all  outside  effort  does  not  give 
it  being,  but  only  embellishes  what  already  is.  The  poetical 
element  in  Tacitus  is  not  artificial,  the  product  simply  of 
materials  in  a  master's  hand,  they  are  rather  the  articles  of 
embellishment,  the  articles  of  expression  and  agents  of  his 
soul.  The  Elegy  is  no  less  poetic  because  it  may  be  doleful, 
no  less  beautiful  because  of  the  subject  matter  which  it  may 
contain.  So  then  Poetic  elements  are  no  more  out  of  place  m 
the  writings  of  Tacitus  because  they  tell  of  direful  portents 
and  awful  deeds. 

propinqua  vespera   ann.  15,  60.      flexo  in  vesperam  die  ann. 

1,  16.     Vesperante  die  H.  4,  9;    ann.  1,  65;    16,  34.     inum- 
brante  vespera  H.  3,  19.     praecipiti  in  occasum  die  H.  3,  86. 
extreme  die  H.  3,  10.     sero  diei  ann.  2,  21.     obscuro  diei  an. 

2,  39.    Vergente  autumno  an.  11,  4.    Nocturnae  quietas  species 
ann.  11,  4.    oculorum  tabe  H.  4,  81.    oculorum  orbes  =  oculos 
H.  4,  81.     Vergente  jam  die  an.  13,  38.     inclinabat  dies  an. 
12,  39.    Ubi  defecisset  dies  an.  15,  44. 

B.  Tacitus'  Real  Debt  to  Vergil. 

It  is  possible  to  see  that  Tacitus  is  indebted  to  Vergil  in 
at  least  three  ways,  Viz: 

I.  Poetical  words  first  introduced  by  Tacitus  into  Prose. 

II.  Certain  words  hitherto,  in  senses  exclusively  poetical. 

III.  Reminiscences. 

2* 


—     20     — 

His  debt  means  that  he  laid  Vergil  deeply  under  contribution: 
he  has  borrowed.  The  same  might  be  ,  1  in  regard  to  Sallust 
and  Livy:  i.  e.  they  appropriated  whatever  they  needed.  This 
was  not  plagiarism  -  -  such  a  term  was  not  in  the  Roman 
vocabulary;  and  with  us  that  is  not  the  term  to  be  applied. 
In  the  main  Tacitus  borrowed  simply  expressions  and  ways  of 
saying  things  —  things  which  were  far  different  from  those 
which  were  said  by  the  ones  from  whom  he  borrowed.  What- 
ever he  borrowed  was  made  his  own  by  the  process  of  going 
through  his  own  mind  and  the  process  was  justified  by 
the  end. 

The  Eomans  were  a  military  and  government  making 
people  and  were  so  engaged  in  these  pursuits  that  their  imagi- 
nations could  not  operate,  if  they  had  any  at  all.  History 
such  as  Tacitus  produced  could  not  have  been  written  at  all, 
in  Latin,  in  250  B.  C.,  to  say  nothing  of  the  elements  which 
we  find  in  his  works.  Greek  influence  shows  itself  from  be- 
ginning to  end  in  Roman  history.  The  first  teacher  of  Latin 
and  Greek  at  Rome  was  Livius  Andronicus,  284 — 204  B.  C., 
who  in  order  to  furnish  his  pupils  with  a  Latin  text,  translated 
the  Odyssey  in  verse,  the  old  Saturnian  measure.  Already  in 
Greece  we  find  well  finished  and  completed  Hexameters  and 
Iambics,  and  it  is  only  plausible  that  a  Greek  teacher  should 
borrow  from  a  language  so  mature  in  its  structure  and  style. 
Cn.  Nevius,  dr.  235  B.  C.,  like  Livius  drew  largely  from  Greek 
sources,  while  Ennius,  239—169  B.  C.,  succeeded  not  only  in 
interesting  his  patrons  and  the  nobles  in  Greek  literature,  but 
also  made  vigorous  use  of  the  cultural  elements  in  the  Greek 
masters  in  his  own  works.  Caesar  and  Cicero  had  Greek 
masters  and  borrowed  from  them;  Vergil  is  deeply  indebted  to 
the  Greeks  for  constructions,  words,  and  Mythology  —  for 
which  he  has  been  severely  criticised.  In  the  Bucolics  Theo- 
critus was  his  pattern;  in  the  Georgics  Hesiod;  in  the  Aeneid 
Homer.  Horace  followed  Archilochus;  Plautus  borrowed  from 
Menander,  and  Propertius  has  been  called  the  "Roman  Calli- 
machus". 

Roman  authors  were  judged  not  on  their  own  merit,  but 
rather  on  how  near  they  came  to  the  Greek  pattern.  After 
centuries  of  such  feeling  it  became  a  Roman  writer's  virtue  to 
borrow  in  order  to  attain  the  desired  end  in  literature.  Tacitus 
was  a  Roman  in  this  respect  and  he  could  get  away  from  this 


—    21     — 

order  of  things  no  more  than  from  the  poetical  instinct  within 
his  soul. 

I.  Poetical  words  first  introduced  by  Tacitus  into  Prose. 

advectare  =  advehere  an.  6,  13.    Val  Mac. 
ambedere  =  circumrodere  an.  15,  5.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  257. 
brevia  =  syrtes  an.  1,  70;  6,  33.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  111. 
celerare  =  accelerare  an.  2,  5  et  al.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  357  et  al. 
densere  =  densare  an.  2,  14.   Verg.  Aen.  12, 264;  11,  650;  7, 794. 
didere  =  dare  an.  11,  1.     Verg.  Aen.  8,  132. 
eburnus  —  eburneus  an.  2,  83;  4,  26.   Verg.  Aen.  6,  647;  11,  11. 
evincere  =  subigere  an.  6,  42  et  al.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  630. 
exspes  =  desperatus  an.  6,  24.    Horace, 
honorus  =  honorificus  an.  1,  10  et  al.    Val.  Flac.  Stat. 
inclementia  =  severitas  an.  4,  42.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  602. 
incustoditus  =  sine  custodibns  an.  2,  12.    Ov,    Mart, 
indefessus  =  non  defessus  an.  1,  64  et  al.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  651. 
insatiabiliter  =  sine  satietate  an.  4,  38.    Lucr.  3,  907. 
intemeratus  =  integer  an.  1,  42.     Verg.  Aen.  2,  143;  3,  178. 
inviolabilis  =  inviolatus  an.  3,  62  et  al.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  363. 
lapsare  =  labere  an.  1,  65.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  551. 
livere  =  invidere  an.  13,  42.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  687. 
Mersare  =  Mergere  an.  15,  69.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  272. 
Notescere  =  enotescere,  fierie  cognitus,  an.  1,73  et  al  Cat.  Prop, 
penetrabilis  =  penetrari  posse  an.  2,  61.    Verg.  Aen.  10,  481. 

Georg.  1,  93. 

praescius  =  praesciscens  an.  6,  21.    Verg.  6,  66. 
prolicere  =  illicere  an.  3,  73.    Plaut.    Ovid, 
properus  =  alacer,  velox,  citus,  an.  1,  65  et  al.   Verg.  Aen.  12,  85. 
Solum  in  Tacitus  with  Genitive  or  Infinitive, 
provisor  =  qui  praesensionem  habet  an.  12,  14.    Hor. 
reclinis  =  reflectus  an.  13,  16  et  al.    Ovid, 
secundare  =  facere  prosperus  an.  2,  24.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  36. 
son  or  =  fremitus  an.  1,  65.    Verg.  Aen.  9,  651. 
transmovere  =  transferre  an.  13,  35.    Ter.    Mart, 
trudis  =  pertica  acuta  an.  3,  46.    Verg.  Aen.  5,  208. 
Valescere  =  esse  validus  an.  2,  39  et  al.    Lucr. 

II.  Words  hitherto  exclusively  poetical. 

abitus  =  exitus  an.  14,  37.    Verg.  Aen.  9,  380. 
circumfluus  =  circumventus  aqua  an.  6,  37.    Ov. 


99 

uft 

cura  =  opus  scriptorum  an.  3,  24.    Ov. 

demissus  =  natus  an.  12,  58.    Verg.  Geo.  3,  35. 

educere  =  exstruere  an.  2,  61  et  al.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  186. 

evictus  =  exoratus  an.  4,  57  et  al.     Verg.  Aen.  4,  548  et  al. 

intentatus  =  inexpertus  an.  1,  50  et  al.    Verg.  Aen.  10,  39. 

sistere  =  aedificare  an.  4,  37  et  al.    Sil. 

ampliare  =  augere  H.  2,  78. 

componere  =  seppelire  an.  1,  47.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  249. 

exercere  =  colere  Ag.  31.    an.  13,  54;  12,  43.    Ger.  29.    Verg. 

Aen.  4,  110. 
exigere  =  degere  H.  1,  47.    A.  38.    H.  3,  33.    an.  3,  16.   Verg. 

Aen.  1,  75. 

proveuire  =  fortunare  H.  2,  20. 
scriptura  =  liber  an.  4,  32;  3,  31. 
ferratus  =  ferro  armatus  H.  4,  29. 
flagitium  =  efflagitis  an  4,  51. 
flagitium  =  verba  flagitiosa  an.  1,  27. 
flagitium  =  dedecus  an.  3,  17. 

amovere  =  relegare  an.  1,  53;  2,  58;  4,  21.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  524. 
cohibere  =  regere  H.  1,  11.    Verg.  Aen.  12,  405. 
gravare  —  augere  an.  14,  12. 
auraria  =  fodina  an.  6,  19. 

adolere  =  cremare  an.  6,  28;  14,  30.   H.  2,  3.  Verg.  Aen.  7,  71. 
aegrescere  =  dolere  an.  15,  25.    Verg.  Aen.  12,  46. 
ardescere  =  fulgere  an.  15,  54.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  713. 
contenninus  =  finitimus  G.  36.    an.  1,  60;  11,  16;  15,  1;  3, 

45.    H.  4,  67. 
contiguus  =  finitimus  an.  2,  60;  6,  45;  15,   38.    Verg.  Aen. 

10,  457. 

convectare  =  conferre  H.  3,  27.    Verg.  Aen.  4,  405. 
crebrescere  =  crescere  H.  3,  34;  4,  12;  2,  67.    an.  3,  60;  2,  39. 

Verg.  Aen.  12,  407. 

deserta  =  regiones  vastas  an.  3,  21.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  384. 
desolatus  =  solus  relictus  an.  1,  30;   12,  26;    16,  30;   Verg. 

Aen.  11,  870. 

despectare  =  despicere  H.  2,  30.    an.  2,  43.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  396. 
evalescere  =  posse  G.  28.    H.  1,  80.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  757. 
evincere  =  supero  H.  4,  53.    an.  6,  42;  15.  2;  11,  4.    Verg. 

Aen.  2,  630. 

exspes  =  desperatus  an.  6,  24. 
exuberare  —  abundare  D.  30.    an.  15,  53.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  465. 


—     23     — 

fatiscere  =  deficere  an.  3,  38;  6,  7;  14,  24;  16,  5.    Verg.  Geo. 

1,  180. 
feralis  =  adj.  =  ad  inferos,  funus  pertinet  G.  43.    H.  1,  37. 

an.  2,  31;  2,  75;  3,  1;  14,  30;  Subst.  mortem  fereno, 

funestus  an.  1,   62.     H.  5,  25.     an.  4,  64.    Verg. 

Aen.  6,  216;  4,  462. 
flammare  =  incendere  H.  2,   74;  4,  24.     an.   15,   44.    Verg. 

Aen.  1,  50. 
gestamen  =  vehiculum  =  carpentum  an.  11,  33;  2,  2;  14,  4; 

15,  57. 

grandaevus  =  senes  H.  3,  33.    Verg.  Aen.  5,  287  et  al. 
gravescere  =  augeri  an.  1,  5;  6,  46;  14,  51.    Verg.  Geo.  2,  429. 
illuvies  =  inundatis,  eluvies,  an.  12,  51.    H.  4,  46.    an.  4,  28; 

6,  43;  1,  24.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  593. 
immotus  =  stabilis,  imperturbatus  H.  1,  10.    an.  15,  36;  1,  47; 

15,  59;  15,  23.     G.  40.    an.  4,  32;  15,  27;  15,  46; 

1,  51;  4,  50;  14,  37.    G.  45.    H.  1,  86.    an.  16,15; 

2,  29.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  77;  1,  257. 
impervius  =  invius,  impenetrabilis  an.  3,  31;  15,  43. 
inausus  =  intentatus  an.  1,  42.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  308. 
indecoris  =  non  speciosus;  id  quod  dedecet  H.  1,  74.   inhonestus 

H.  1,  33;  2,  91.    an.  3,  52;  3,  66.    contemptus  A.  16. 

Verg.  Aen.  7,  231;  11,  423;  11,  845. 
indigus  =  egens  H.  1,  24;  3,  22;  3,  48;  5,  2.     Verg.  Geo. 

2,  428. 

indistinctus  =  sine  dignitate  an.  6,  8. 

inemptus  =  non  emptus  largitione  H.  2,  60.    Verg.  Geo.  4,  133. 
iniectus  =  induere  an.  6,  50.     Verg.  Eel.  6,  19. 
innectare  =-  jungere,  implicare  H.  4,  46;  4,  53;  4,  68.   an.  6,  37; 

16,  14;  3,  10.    Verg.  Aen.  4,  51. 
insenescere  =  fit  grandior  an.  4,  6. 

insurgere  =  surgere  se  attolere  G.  39.    A.  35.    an.  2,  16;  1, 

2;  11,  16.    Verg.  Aen.  5,  443. 
junctissimus  =  valde  junctus  H.  4,  52. 
lentescere  =  fieri  lentus  G.  45.    Verg.  Geo.  2,  250. 
ligere  =  vincere  G.  39.    H.  4,  53.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  217. 
magniloquus  =  gloriosus,  jactans,  vaniloquus  A.  27. 
marcere  =  esse  iners  H.  3,  36.    G.  36. 
marcidus  =  somno  gravis  an.  6,  4. 
meatus  =  cursus,  iter  volatu  H.  1,  62.    an.  6,  28.    G.  1.    an. 

14,  51.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  849. 


—    24     — 

monstrator  =  demonstrator,  inventor  G.  21.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  19. 
obliquare  =  reflectere,  revertere  G.  38.    Verg.  Aen.  5,  16. 
obumbrare  =  obscurare  H.  2,  32.    Verg.  Aen.  12,  578. 
occursus  =  congressus  H.   3,  84;  2,  88.     an.  4,  60;  15,  58. 

14,  5;  16,  24. 

pervigil  =  valde  vigil  an.  1,  65. 

placitus  =  jucundus  an.  2,  66;  4,  37.     Verg.  Aen.  4,  38. 
placitus  =  Subst.   an.  1,  80;   3,  69;   14,  22.     D.  19.     Verg. 

Eel.  7,  27. 
refusus  =  redundans    H.   1,  86.     Verg.   Geo.    2,  163.      Aen. 

7,  225. 
praesagus  =  vaticanus  H.  2^  1 ;  3,  9.    an.  9,  27.    Verg.  Aen. 

10,  177. 
praesumere  =  praevenire,  praecipere  an.  14,  3;  1,  48.    H.  1, 

62.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  18. 
proculcare  =  conculcare,  perequitare  H.   3,  81;   1,  40.    Verg, 

Aen.  12,  534. 

prolicere  =  excitare  an.  13,  48;  3,  73. 
propitiare  =  conciliare  an.  15,  44.    D.  9. 
provisor  =  qui  praesensionem  habet  an.  12,  4.    Hor. 
puellaris  =  juvenilis  an.  14,  2. 
ramale  =  ramus  arefactus  an.  13,  58. 
rebellis  =  seditiosus  H.  4,  15,  72.    an-.  3,  15;  14,  39.    Verg. 

Aen.  6,  858. 

receptare  =  recipere  an.  4,  41.    Verg.  Aen.  10,  383. 
recludere  =  aperire   an  4,  70;  14,  44.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  358. 
recursare  =  reverti   H.  2,  78.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  662. 
refugus  =  regressus   H.  2,  24;  3,  61. 
regnator  =  rex    G.  39.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  779  et  al. 
resumere  =  renovare  H.  2,  41.     an.  12,  15;  13,  51.    iterare 

H.  5,  8.     an.  3,  40;  14,  31. 
revelare  =  aperire  G.  31. , 

rigor  =  severitas    G.  16.    an.  2,  23.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  143. 
sinistre  =  non  propitium  H.  1,  7;  3,  52.    Verg.  Eel.  9,  15. 
shmare  =  flectere,  curvare   an.  6,  37.    H.  5,  2.    G.  35.   Verg. 

Aen.  2,  208. 

solidare  =  munire  H.  2,  19.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  179. 
subvectare  =  subvehere    an.  15,  43.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  131. 
suffugium  =  perfugium    an.  4,  47;   3,  74.    G.  16,  46.     an.  4, 

66;  14,  58. 
suspectare  =  instare   H.  4,  23,  30;  3,  82. 


—     25    — 

tabum  =  sanies,  sanguis    H.  2,  70;  3,  35.     an.  2,  69,     Verg. 

Aen.  3,  29;  11,  737. 

temnere  =  contemnere    H.  3,  47.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  665. 
tenuare  =  extenuare    an.  15,  63.    Verg,  Geo.  3,  129. 
tremor  =  motus    an.  14,  27.    Verg.  Geo.  2,  479. 
undare  =  abundare    H.  5,  6.    an.  6,  39.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  609. 
velamen  =  vestitus    G.  17.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  221. 
experientia  =  usus    an.   13,  8.     H.  2,  76.      an.  1,  46;    13,  6 

et  al.    Verg.  Georg.  1,  4. 
regnatrix  =  regina    an.  1,  4. 

festinavisse  =  transitive    an.  1,  6.    Verg.  Aen.  4,  575. 
diversus  =  separatus    an.  13,  48;  14,  57.    Verg.  Aen.  9,  623. 

remotus    an.  1,  17.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  4. 
piaculo  =  piamento    an.  1,  30.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  569. 
species  =  acies  occulorum    an.  11,  31.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  407. 
triste  =  substantive    an.  15,  31.    Verg.  Eel.  3,  80. 
annus  =  proventus  anni   A.  31.    G,  14. 
transigere  =  transfigere    an.  2,  68;  14,  37;  9,  9. 
transmittere  =  transire  silentia    H.  4,  31. 
medicamen  =  medicamentum    an.  12,  51;    14,  6;   4,  57;   12, 

67;  14,  51. 
fragmen  =  fragmentum     H.  5,  6.     an.  1,  61.     Verg.  Aen.  9, 

569. 
tegumen  =  tegumentum    H.  1,  79.    an.  2,  21.    G.  17.    Verg. 

Aen.  1,  275;  3,  594;  9,  577;  11,  77. 
pueperium  =  partus    an.  12,  6;  15,  23. 
sinister  ==  malus    A.  5.    H.  1,  51.     an.  6,  32;  11,  19;  1,  74. 

Verg.  Geo.  1,  444. 
lymphati  =  turibundi     H.  1,  82.      an.  1,  32.      Verg.  Aen.  7, 

377. 
indiscretis  =  individuus     H.  4,  52.     promiscuus     an.  15,  32. 

confusus    an.  1,  35.    Verg.  Aen.  10,  392. 
inausum  =  intentatus    an.  1,  42.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  308;  2,  143. 
intemeratum  =  immodicum    an.  1,  42.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  308. 
causatus  =  agens    an.  1,  47;  13,  44. 
egenam  =  inopem    an.  1,  53.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  599. 
inofensum  =  non  interruptus    an.  1,  56. 
resulto  =  resono    an.  1,  65. 
oberro  =  pervagor    an.  1,  65. 
lapsantes  =  labentes    an.  1,  65. 
fretum  =  mare    an.  1,  70. 


—    26    — 

stagnaverat  =  inundare    an.  1,  76.    Ov.  Met.  15,  269. 

dedignor  =  contemnere    an.  2,  2. 

^xplorare  =  tentare    an.  2,  12. 

adsultibus  =  impetum    an.  2,  21.    Verg.  Aen.  5,  442. 

regimen  =  gubernaculum  or  clavis    an.  2,  23.      Ov.  Met.  11, 

552. 

recluderent  =  aperirent    an.  2,  25.    Verg.  Geo.  2,  423. 
stirps  =  poster!    an.  2,  37.    Ov.  Trist.  3,  14,  14.    Verg.  Aen. 

6,  864. 

vanescere  =  evanescere    an.  2,  40;  2,  82;  4,  37;  5,  9. 
despectare  =  despicere    an.  2,  43.    H.  2,  30. 
religit  =  oram  legere    an.  2,  54. 
eductae  =  instructae    an.  2,  61.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  186. 
defectum  =  debilitatum    an.  2,  70.     participle  chiefly  poetical 

cf.  Ovid  Met.  10,  194.    lib.  2,  5,  75. 
gratantis  =  gratulantis    an.  2,  75;  6,  21;  12,  7;  14,  8. 
derupto  =  abrupto    an.  2,  80;  6,  21;  4,  45.    Lucr. 
fidissimum  —  tutissimum    an.  3,  1.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  23,  400. 
adrecta  =  excitata  videre    an.  3,  11. 
meditans  =  exercitans    an.  3,  31.    Verg.  Eel.  1,  2  et  al. 
expediam  —  exponam    an.  4,  1.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  379,  460. 
demutare  =  mutare    an.  4,  16. 
demissum  =  ortum    an.  12,  58.    Verg.  Geo.  3,  35.     Aen.  1, 

288.    Hor.  Sat.  2,  5,  63. 
rapi  =  diripi    an.  13,  6.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  374. 
inducit  ==  adducit    an.  13,  39.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  620. 
fluvialibus  =  fluviis   an.  13,  57. 
fetus  =  surculus    an.  13,  58.    Verg.  Geo.  2,  69  et  al. 
vocans  =  invocans    an.  13,  55.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  264. 
involvunt  =  implicunt    an.  14,  30.    Verg.  Geo.  2,  308. 
involvuntur  =  implicuntur    an.  1,  70.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  336. 
fibris  =  extis    an.  14,  30.    H.  2,  3.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  484. 
exsultabant  =  subsaltabant    an.  14,  34.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  663. 
sonores  =  sonitus    an.  14,  36. 

intorquenda  =  jacienda    an.  14,  36.    Verg.  Aen.  2,  231. 
expedire  =  exponere    an.  14,  35;  4,  1.      Verg.  Aen.  3,  379, 

460. 

evalesceret  =  fieret  validus    an.  14,  58.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  757. 
volens  =  habens  in  animo    an,  15,  1.    Verg.  Geo.  4,  501. 
evinxit  =  circumvinxit    an.  15,  2;   6,  42.     H.  4,  53.      Verg. 

Aen.  5,  269. 


—    27     — 

aegresceret  =  fieret  pejor    an.    15,   25.     Verg.   Aen.   12,   46. 

Lucr.  5,  350. 

ingruente  =  irruente    an.  15,  3.    Verg.  Aen.  12,  628. 
tractu  =  regione     an.  15,  37.     Verg.  Geo.  3,  183.     Val  Mac. 

6,  359. 

solidarentur  =  facere  solidum    an.  15,  43.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  179. 
propitiata  =  facere  propitium    an.  15,  44.    D.  9. 
tenuatum  =  facere  tenuem    an.  15,   63.     Hor.  Sat.  2,  2,  84 

et  al. 

obolitum  =  deletum    an.  16,  6.    Verg.  Aen.  4,  497.    G.  3,  560. 
adsimilatis  =  fictis    an.  16,  17.    Verg.  Aen.  10,  639. 
indefessum  =  non  defessum    an.  16,  22.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  651. 
spargens  =  adspergens    an.  16,  35.    Lucr.  2,  195.    Hor.  Epod. 

5,  25. 
adscire  =  adsciscere    an.  1,  3.     H.  4,  24,  80.      Verg.  Aen. 

12,  38. 

celerare  =  contendere    an.  2,  5.    Verg. 
de  nomine  =  poetical  phrase    an.  1,  15;  6,  34.    Lucr.  6,  908. 

Verg.  Aen.  1,  277. 

causatus  =  agens    an.  1,  47;  13,  44. 
fida   an.  1,  52.    applied  to  inanimate  objects  is  poetical, 
temeravit  =  contaminare    an.  1,  53.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  840. 
properavit    an.  1,  56.    when  transitive  is  particularly  poetical, 
explorandos  =  tentandos    an.  2,  12. 
claudae  =  infirmae    an.   2,  24.    Lucr.  4,  436.    Verg.  Aen.  5, 

271. 
secreti  =  refugii    an.  2,  39 ;    4,  54,  57 ;    14,  53.     Verg.  Geo. 

4,  403. 
crebrescit  =  fama  auget   an.  2,  39.     H.   2,  67.     Verg.  Aen. 

12,  222. 

properantius  =  comparative  is  poetical,    an.  2,  55. 
accitu  =.  used  only    in   ablative   singular,     an.  2,  80.     Aen. 

1,  677. 

silentia  =  plural  confined  to  poets,     an.  2,  82.     Verg.  Aen. 

2,  255. 

exalto  =  in  mare  aperto    an.  3,  1.     Verg.  Geo.  3,  288. 
quatenus  =  quoniam    an.  3,  16.    D.  5.    Lucr.    Hor.  Ov. 
visis  (passive  use  chiefly  poetical)    an.  3,  42;  2,  31.    H.  3,  62. 

Aen.  1,  326. 

restantibus  =  resistantibus. 
ausis  =  in  the  passive  chiefly  poetical,  an.  3,  69.    Aen.  9,  320. 


—     28     — 

tumidos  =  iratos    an.  4,  12. 

raptabat  =  populabat    an.  4,  23;    12,  54;    13,  6.     Verg.  Aen. 

2,  374. 
contusis  =  superatis    A.  4,  46;  12,  31.    H.  4,  28.    Verg.  Aen. 

1,  264. 
persultabant  =  insiliebant    an.  4,  47;  11,  9.    H.  5,  15.    Lucr. 

1,  14. 

adsimulabat  =  simulabat    an.  4,  59.     Verg.  Aen.  10,  639. 
terga  =  pelles    an.  4,  72;    15,  44.     H.  2,  88.     Verg.  Aen. 

1,  368. 
corpora  =  a  periphrasis    an.  4,  72.     Verg.  Aen.  9,  273.     Cf. 

liberis  corporibus    Aen.  12,  17,  1. 
verbere  =  rare  and  poetical  in  the  singular,    an.  6,  4;    6,  24. 

G.  19. 

populatores  =  raptores    an.  12,  27. 
vapore  =  calore    an.  11,  3;  3,  44;  14,  6;  15,  55. 
discors  =  inimicus    an.  11,  14. 
clarescere  =  fieri  inclitus    an.  11,  16.    Lucr.  5,  833. 
desolatus  =  deprivatus    an.  12,  26;  1,  30.    Stat.  Theb.  9,  672. 

Apul.  Met.  4,  24,  290. 

aspectat  =  aspicit    an.  12,  32.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  420. 
pignora  =  liberi    an.  12,  2   et  al.    Prop.  4  (5),  11,  72.    Ov. 

Met.  11,  543. 
regnari  =  personal  use  poetical,    an.  13,  54.     H.  1,  16.    G. 

25,  44. 

triumphari  =  personal  use  poetical,    an.  12,  19. 
dubitari  =  personal  use  poetical,    an.  14,  7. 
ministrari  =  personal  use  poetical.    G.  44. 
fetus  =  surculus    an.  13,  58.    Verg.  Geo.    2,  69  et  al. 
praegredientem  =  praeter  gredientem    an.  14,  23. 
obnoxios  ==  obligates,  serviles    H.  1,  1.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  396. 
mucronibus  =  gladiis  H.  1,  27. 
fatigabat  =  moliebatur   deos   precibus     H.   1,   29.     Lucr.   2, 

1237. 

hausisse  =  animo  fingere    H.  1,  51.    Verg.  Aen.  10,  648. 
derimitur  =  dividitur   H.  1,  76.    Verg.  Aen.  8,  226, 
communus  =  suis  ipsis  manibus    H.  2,  35.    Verg.  Gen.  1,  104. 
die  ==  sole   H.  3,  86. 
sors  =  responsum    H.  4,  83. 
obiectu  =  prominentia    H.  5,  14;  3,  9.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  59. 


—     29    — 

III.  Reminiscences. 

Exigitur  enim  jam  ab  oratore  et  jam  poeticus  decor,  non 
Accii  aut  Pacuvii  veterano  inquinatus,  sed  ex  Horatii  et  Vir- 
gilii  et  Lucani  Sacrario  Prolatus.  D.  20. 

Immotum fixumque    an.    1,   47.      fixum  immotumque 

Aen.  4,  15. 

armorum  facies  an.  1,  49.    Laborum facies   Aen.  6,  108. 

exercitum rapit   an.  1,  56.    rapit . .  .  aciem   Aen.  10,  308. 

vulnus adactum  an.  1,  61.   vulnus  adactum  Aen.  10,  850. 

excindit ....  hostem  an.  2,  25.    Exscindere  gentem  Aen.  9,  137. 
manus  ....  voces  ....  tendens   an.   2,  29.     tendoque   cum 

voce  manus  Aen.  3,  17. 

conlustrans  cuncta   an.  2,  45.    omnia  conlustrans  Aen.  3,  651. 
instar  montium    an.  2,  61.    instar  mentis   Aen.  2,  15. 
hastas  ....  ingerere   an.  2,  81.    ingerit  hastas   Aen.  9,  763. 
quae  fiducia  reo   an.  3,  11.    quae  sit  fiducia  capto   Aen.  2,  75. 
argenti  et   auri   pondus    an.  3,  53.     Argenti  pontus    et   auri. 

Aen.  1,  359. 
Si incubuissent    an.    4,   24.     turn    vero   incumbunt 

Aen.  9,  73. 
contusis  .  .  .  gentibus   an.   4,   46.     populusque  .  .  .  contundet 

Aen.  1,  264. 

vivoque  in  saxo    an.  4,  55.    vivo  .  .  .  saxo    Aen.  1,  167. 
sermonem    abrumpere    an.   4,   60.     sermonem   abrumpit   Aen. 

4,  388. 

gravis  exitus    an.  4,  74.    Manet  .  .  .  gravis  exitus   Aen.  10,  630. 
rupta  voce   an.  6,  20.    rumpit  vocem  Aen.  2,  129. 
fusam  humi   an.  11,  37.    fusus  humi  Aen.  6,  423. 
poenas  ....  expenderet   an.   12,  19.     expendere  poenas    Aen. 

10,  669. 

locorum  fraude   an.  12,  33.    fraude  loci  Aen.  9,  397. 
rapiunt  deripiunt   an.  13,  6.    Aen.  2,  374. 

pieces fundentes  an.  14,  30.    funditque  preces   Aen.  6,  55. 

belli  commercium   an.  14,  33.    belli  commerci   Aen.  10,  532. 
pacem  ....  abrumpunt   an.  15,  2.    fas  omne  abrumpit   Aen. 

3,  55. 
fessis   rebus   succurreret    an.   15,   50.     rebus  succurite   fessis 

Aen.  11,  335. 

mortis  imaginem   an.  15,  70.    mortis  imago   Aen.  2,  369. 
abrumperet  vitam   an.  16,  28.    abrumpere  vitam   Aen.  8,  579. 


—     30     — 

arma  rapuerunt   an.  1,  49.1 

0     '        \  arma  rapiatque  Aen.  7,  340;  8,  220. 
arma  rapmnt  an.  2,  19.     J 

vulnus  adegit    an.  6.  35.        1      .. 

vulnera  derigebant  H.  2,  35.1  7olnera  dengere   Aen"  10'  140' 

abruptis  vinculis   an.  1,  66.    abruptis  vinculis  Aen.  11,  492. 

patriis  omnibus   an.  1,  80.       1 

insignibus  patriis   an.  15,  29.  j  abletlbus  patms  Aen"  9'  692' 

auro  solida    an.  2,  33.     1 

anro  solidas   an.  13,  10. 1  auro  sohdl   Aen"  2'  765' 

spolia  derepta   an.  2,  45.  {  sPolia  ' '  • '  d<*«Pta   Aen"  "'  193' 

I  arma derepta  Hor.  Od.  3, 5, 19. 

litorum  oram   an.  2,  78.    litoris  oram   Geo.  2,  44. 
quantum  liceret   an.  3,  15.    tantum  .  .  .  licuit  Aen.  6,  502. 

plura revolvo   an.  3,  18.    ingrata  revolvo  Aen.  2,  101. 

spargit  bellum  an.  3,  21.  1 

spai  beUum  Agr.  38.    ]  spargam  arma  per  agros  Aen"  7'  55L 
secundo  rumore   an.  3,  29.    secundo  rumore   Aen.  8,  90. 
somno  et  vino  procumbere    an.  4,  48.     somno  vinoque  soluti 

Aen.  4,  474. 

precibus  evictus   an.  4,  57.    evicta  dolore   Aen.  4,  474. 
fidentem  animi   an.  4,  59.    fidens  animi  Aen.  2,  61. 
sibi  ignoscit   an.  6,  6.    ignotum  dare  nobis   Hor.  Sat.  1,  3,  23. 
praestantissimus   sapientiae    an.    6,    7.     praestans  animi    Aen. 

12,  19. 

tota  mole  regni  an.  6,  36. 1 

tota  mole  belli  H.  1,  61.  /  toto  ' ' '  corPore  re^m  Aen'  U'  3 
dedita  . . .  fama  an.  11,  1.    tua  terris  dedita  fama  Aen.  8,  132. 
laeta  in  praesens    an.  11,  15.    laetus  in  praesens  animus   Hor. 

Od.  2,  16,  25. 
pellibus  accinctae   an.  11,  31.    incinctae  pellibus  hastas   Aen. 

7,  396. 

fluxa  arma  H.  2,  99.  fluxos  ....  astrinxit  amictus   Lucr.  2,  362. 
lacrimae  et  questos  inriti  ducebantur  an.  11,  37.    ducere  voces 

Aen.  4,  463. 
hostes  ingruit   an.  12,  12.    ingruit  Aeneas   Aen.  12,  628. 

f  in  amicitiam  coeant  Aen.  7,  546. 
in  societatem  coeant  an,  12, 15.  J  coeant  in  foedera  dextrae   Aen. 

I  11,  292. 

subtrahere  oculis   an.  13,  17.    teque  aspectune  subtrahe  nostro 

Aen.  6,  465. 
rerum  mortalium  an.  13, 19.  mentem  mortalia  tangunt  Aen.  1, 462. 


saltusque  indogine  cingunt  Aen.  4,  121.      velut  indagine  an. 

13,  42. 
concession  Caveae   an.  13,  54.   Lucr.  4,  78.    Caveae  concession 

Aen.  5,  340. 

ira  cladis   an.  13,  57.    ereptae  virginis  ira   Aen.  2,  413. 
in  longum  an.  14,  4.    in  longum  ducis  amores  Verg.  Eel.  9,  56. 

adolere  aras    an.  14,  30.     1  T 

0    }  Lucr.  4,  1237.    Aen.  7,  71. 
altana  adolentur   H.  2,  3.  J 

saxa  ac  faces   an.  14,  45.    faces  et  saxa  volant  Aen.  1,  150. 

pabulo  attrito   an.  15,  16.  I 

attritis  opibus  H.  1,  10.      /  attritus  vomer   Verg.  Geo.  1,  146. 

attritis  rebus   H.  2,  56.      j 

sui  muneris  an.  15,  52.  totum  muneris  hoc  tui  est  Hor.  Od. 
4,  3,  21. 

rapit  =  raptim  ducit  an.  15,  8.    mille  rapit  populos  Aen.  7,  725. 

pars  ....  erit   an.  15,  72.    quorum  pars  magna  fui  Aen.  2,  6. 

miscuerunt  manus   an.  2,  15.    Prop.  2,  27,  8. 

miser e  ictus   Agr.  36.    Miscent  proelia   Verg.  Geo.  2,  282. 

quae  regnantur  H.  1,  16.  in  quantum  Germani  regnatur  an. 
13,  54.  regnate  per  arva  Aen.  6,  793. 

reliquias  ....  sectionum  H.  1,  90.  an.  5,  20.  reliquiae  Da- 
naum  Aen.  1,  30. 

speculatorum  lecta  corpora  H.  2,  11.  lectissima  matrum  cor- 
pora Aen.  9,  272. 

barbarum  tegimen  H.  2,  20.    barbara  tegmina  Aen.  11,  777. 

seditionibus  pot  ens    H.  2,  86.    seditione  potens   Aen.  11,  340. 

ingentibus  telis  horrentes  H.  2,  88.  horridus  in  jaculis  et 
pelle  Aen.  5,  37. 

recens  caede  vestigia  H.  3, 19. 1 

•i     TT  *  nn  (  recentem  caede  locum  Aen.  9, 4, 55, 
recens  victoria  miles  H.  3,  77.  J 

omne  imagine  mortium   H.  3,  18.    plurima  mortis  imago    Aen. 

2,  369. 

nova  laborum  facies   H.  3,  30.    laborum  facies   Aen.  6,  103. 
gravia  auro  .  .  .  dona    H.  3,  32.     dona   dehinc   auro   gravia 

Aen. 
in  ignem  considerent  H.    3,   32.     considere  in  ignis    Aen.  2, 

624;  9,  145. 

terret  solitude  H.  3,  84.    ipsa  silentia  terrent  Aen.  2,  755. 
altius   expediam    H.   4,   12.      Altus   omnem  expediam    Verg. 

Geor.  4,  286. 


—     32     — 

G.  Tacitus'  Probable  Debt  i      jrgil. 

I.  Substantival  use  of  adjectives. 

In  Tacitus  we  find  that  the  substantival  use  of  adjectives, 
particularly  in  the  neuter  singular  and  plural,  is  more  frequent 
than  in  the  classics.  This  use  is  closely  paralleled  in  Vergil. 

populi  Eomani  prospera  an.  1,  1.    H.  3,  13.    A.  27.    an.  14, 

38;  1,  64. 
.  vel  adversa   an.  1,  1;  3,  15.    A.  27.    H.  4,  52. 

per  conciliabula  et  coetus  seditiosa   an.  3,  40. 

quin  et  femina  inlustres  informia  meditari   an.  14,  15. 

diverse  terrarum  destineri   an.  3,  59;  1,  47;  6,  33;  13,  15. 

adire  municipia  obscuro  diei    an.  2,  39.    H.  2,  14;   1,  22.    an. 
4,  58. 

incerta  belli  metueris   an.  4,  23;  2,  39;  3,  54.    H.  1,  26:  2,  77. 

ambigua  sonitus   an.  4,  50. 

ambigua  culti   an.  11,  15.    H.  2,  86. 

inter  dubia  G.  30.    H.  3,  73 ;  2,  33.    an.  12,  5. 

fortuita   H.  2,  1 ;  2,  60;  4,  5.    an.  15,  36. 

in  tuta  H.  3,  76;  1,  33.    an.  1,  38;  12,  36. 

certa   H.  4,  81.    G.  30. 

avia    an.  12,  20;  15,  11;  13,  87;  14,  23.    H.  2,  85. 

inacessa   H.  4,  50. 

angusta    H.  3,  82;  4,  35. 

ardua    H.  4,  70.    an.  11,  9. 

lubrica    H.  3,  82. 

edita   an.  15,  27;  15,  38;  12,  56. 

obstantia  H.  4,  81;  an.  1,  50. 

opportuna   an.  4,  24. 

amoena   H.  3,  76.    an.  3,  7. 

plana   an.  2,  20;  15,  27;  4,  65.    H.  3,  42.    A.  12. 

subjecta   an.  1,  64;  1,  65. 

aperta    G.  16.    an.  1,  56;  2,  17;  2,  23;  1,  51;  2,  47. 
^   profunda   A.  25.    an.  1,  70;  2,  24. 

secreta   an.  4,  7;  3,  30;  4,  67;  15,  55.    G.  19. 

saeva   an.  1,  6;  3,  23;  15,  10;  11,  8;  4,  67. 
J  subita   an.  14,  55.    A.  37.    H.  5,  13. 

occulta   an.  2,  88. 

operta  H.  3,  65. 

idonea   an.  4,  5. 

vana   an.  4,  59;  3,  50;  4,  9;  1,  9. 


—     33    — 

inania   H.  3,  1\?  o*.  31;  3,  13.    A.  6.    H.  2,  69. 

falsa   an.  2,  8?    16,  8;  2,  57.    H.  2,  70;  4,  4. 

tacita   an.  4,  41. 

longinqua   A.  37.    an.  15,  11 ;  6,  36;  3,  34. 

prima   an.  2,  16;  6,  32;  4,  12.     A.  18.    H.  2,  11. 

extrema  an.  1,  1.    A.  28.    H.  2,  47. 

summa    A,  37.    D.  10.    H.  3,  29;  2,  75.    an.  1,  68;  2,  17. 

praecipua   an.  13,  13;  4,  40;  4,  41. 

reliqua   an.  13,  50;  15,  16;  3,  54;  4,  51. 

cetera    an.  1,  7;  3,  24;  6,  12;  14,  32.    H.  3,  20. 

alia  H.  3,  51;  2,  94.    D.  38.    an.  2,  72;  2,  30.    H.  1,  86. 

pauca   an.  1,  9;  3,  34.    G.  43.    H.  2,  4.    D.  28. 

multa    an.  1,  9;  12,  33;  5,  7;  3,  28.    H.  5,  20. 

vera  an.  4,  58;  3,  10;  16,  2;  1,  6.    H.  4,  50. 

properantia  =  properatione   an.  12,  20. 

II.  Neuter  adjectives  or  participles  used  substantively, 

found  in  Vergil. 

in  convexo  nemorum  Aen.  1,  310.  strata  viarum  1,  422.  sata 
laeta  (segitis)  2,  306.  Angusta  viarum  2,  332.  opaca  lucorum 
2,  725.  Namque  avia  cursu  2,  736.  Caerula  verrunt  3,  208. 
aulai  medio  libabant  3,  354.  Si  venis  implet  Apollo  3,  434. 
brevia  1,  111.  inculta  1,  308.  deserta  1,  384.  extrema  1, 
577.  prima  5,  194;  5,  388.  lubrica  5,  335.  ardua  5,  695. 
laeva  5,  825.  secreta  6,  10.  obscuris  vera  6,  100.  convexa 
6,  241;  6,  750.  opaca  6,  633.  avia  9,  58.  mediis  10,  407. 
Strato  surgit  3,  513.  caeli  medio  4,  184.  rapto  potitur  4, 
217.  stratisque  reponunt  4,  392.  caeli  convexa  4,  451.  coeptis 
immanibus  4,  642.  tranquillo  5,  127.  summa  5,  180.  sereni 
5,  851.  operta  6,  140.  ad  convexa  6,  241.  opaca  6,  633. 
convexa  6,  750.  alta  6,  /787.  medio  tecti  7,  59.  deserta  7, 
404.  medio  Italiae  7,  563.  rapto  7,  749;  9,  613.  coeptis  8, 
15.  pinguia  8,  63.  medium  caeli  8,  63.  ardua  8,  221.  parto 
8,  317.  extrema  8,  333.  alta  9,  81.  ima  9,  120.  medio  9, 
230.  ausis  9,  281.  audacibus  adnue  coeptis  9,  625.  Aevomque 
10,  235.  convexa  10,  251. 

III.  Transitive  Accusative, 
recentissimum  quodque  vulnus  pavens   H.  3,  56. 
dum  irnminentium  oblitus  incerta  pavet    an.  5,  4. 
qui  eadem  pavebant    an.  15,  11. 


—     34    — 

quid  ita  Marcellus  judicium  magistratuum  pavesceret    H.  4,  7. 

ne  seditiosum  exercitum  pavescerent   an.  1,  59. 

ne  muliebre  et  fanaticum  agmen  pavescerent    an.  14,  30. 

nee  speciem  adulantis  expaveris    H.  2,  76. 

caeli  regem  pavere  sub  antro    Verg.  Greo.  4,  152. 

IV.  Compound  verbs  used  by  Tacitus  with  a  simple  accusative 
where  a  repitition  of  the  preposition  or  a  dative  would 

be  regular. 

ut  ripam  Euphratis  accederet    an.  2,  58. 
quia  societatem  nostram  volentes  accesserant    an.  12,  31. 
ut  quamque  nationem  accesserat    an.  14,  35. 
ut  quosque  accesserat   H.  3,  24. 
adcurrerent  ....  primas  .  .  .  pugionem    an.  15,  53. 
ut  quosque  advectus  erat    an.  2,  45. 
pugnam  aut  vincula  elapsi    an.  1,  61. 
Pontum  erumpens    an.  12,  63. 

donee  .  minor  .  .  .  filius  lubricum  juventae  exiret   an.  6,  49. 
qui  cognitionem  intervenerant    an.  3,  23. 
inrepere  paulatim  militares  animos  adeundo    an.  4,  2. 
Liviam  uxorem  Drusi  praecellebat    an.  2,  43. 
qui  castra  praejacet  12,  36. 
ludos  circenses  eburna  effigies  praeiret    an.  2,  83. 
aliqua  cetera  imperia  praemineret    an.  3,  56. 
et  saepe  urbis  adsidens  extremam  senectam    an.  4,  58. 
adsidendo  castellum    an.  6,  43. 
quos  inciderat    H.  3,  29. 
adeoque  improvisi  castra  involavere    H.  4,  33. 
turn  animos  cupido  involat    an.  1,  49. 

qui  nunc  patientiam  senis  et  segnitiam  .  .  .  insultet   an.  4,  59. 
dum  histrio  cubiculum  principis  insultaverit    an.  11,  28. 
id  Tiberii  animum  altius  penetravit    an.  1,  69. 
Tiberium  ....  penetravit    an.  3,  4. 
Mox  iter  L.  Lucullo  quondam  penetratum    an.  15,  27. 

V.  Verbs  which  in  Vergil  become  transitive  in  process  of 

composition,  as  the  examples  above  in  Tacitus, 
accestis  scopulos   Aen.  1,  201. 
evasisse  viam   Aen.  2,  731. 
juvat  evasisse  tot  urbes   Aen.  3,  282. 
sic  fata  gradus  evaserat  altos    Aen.  4,  685. 


—    35    — 

evaditque  celer  ripam    Aen.  6,  425. 

tela  .  .  .  exit   Aen.  5,  438. 

vim  ....  exit    Aen.  11,  750. 

innare  lacus   Aen.  6,  134. 

insistere  limen    Aen.  6,  563. 

magnum  ....  circumvolvitur  annum    Aen.  3,  284. 

erumpere  nubem    Aen.  1,  580. 

cum  muros  adsidet  hostis    Aen.  11,  304. 

VI.  Genitive  with  adjectives. 

This  construction  in  Tacitus  is  worth  attention  on  account 
of  the  boldness  and  frequency  with  which  he  uses  it  on  the 
analogy  of  the  Vergilian  style. 

ne  femina  expertae  fecunditatis  an.  12,  2.  sed  veterem  exper- 
tumque  belli  H.  4,  76.  ingens  animi  an.  1,  69.  ingens  rerum 
H.  4,  66.  diversus  animi  H.  4,  84.  fallax  amicitiae  an.  16, 
32.  vetus  operis  ac  laboris  an.  1,  20.  anxius  potentiae  an. 
4,  12.  morum  non  spernendus  an.  14,  40.  virtutem  sterilis 
H.  1,  3.  praecipiens  circumveniendi  an.  6,  4.  insolens  obse- 
quii  H.  1,  87;  2,  88.  an.  6,  34.  manifestus  delecti  an.  2,  85; 

13,  26;  4,  53;  13,  23;  12,  51.    ferox  linguae   H.  I,  35.    atrox 
odii    an.  12,  22.    ferox  animi   an.  1,  32 ;  1,  69.    furandi  melior 
an.  3,  74.    modicum  voluptatum   an.  2,  73.    pecuniae  modicus 
an.  3,  72.     modicus  dignationis    an.  4,  52.      modicus  originis 
an.  6,  39.    occultus  odii   an.  4,  7.    occultus  consilii   an.  6,  36. 
recti  pervicax   H.  4,  5.     pervicax  irae   an.  4,  53.     eloquentiae 
ac  fidei  praeclarus   an.  4,  34.      Ceterum   animorum   provinciae 

\J  prudens  A.  19.  Celsus  doli  prudens  repressit  siios  H.  2  25. 
atque  ille  prudens  moderandi  an.  3,  69.  rerum  vestrarum 
providum  an.  4,  38.  Providus  futurorum  an.  6,  46.  futuri 
improvidus  H.  1,  88.  improvidus  consilii  H.  3,  56.  praestan- 
tissimus  sapientiae  an.  6,  6.  procax  otii  an.  13,  46.  segnis 
laborum  an.  14,  33.  occasionum  .  .  .  segnis  an.  16,  14.  vi- 
rium  et  opium  validam  H.  2,  19.  orandi  validus  an.  4,  21. 
animi  validus  an.  15,  53.  Vetus  loci  H.  2,  14.  Veteres  mili- 
tiae  H.  4,  20.  Vetus  operis  an.  1,  20.  vetus  regnandi  H.  5, 

14.  exitii  certus   an.  1,  27.     incerta  ultionis  an.  2,  75.     po- 
tentiae securus   an.  3,  28.    ambiguus  imperandi   an.  1,  7.    im- 
piger  militiae   an.  3,  48.    sui  auxius   an.  4,  59.    incertus  animi 
an.  6,  46.    H.  3,  55.     operum  ignavis   an.  11,  18.      irae  pro- 
perum   an.  11,  26.    maeroris  immodicus   an.  15,  23.     incertus 

3* 


—     36     — 

futuri  D.  13.  patientissimus  veri  D.  8.  pauca  campestrum 
G.  43.  secretiora  Germaniae  G.  41.  Extrema  Galliarum  H. 
4,  28.  praescium  periculorum  an.  6,  21.  occultus  odii  an.  4, 
7;  6,  36.  contumeliarum  insolentes  an.  6,  31.  audiendi  .... 
insolens  an.  13,  67.  bellorum  insolens  H.  1,  87.  arborum 
inpatiens  G.  5.  spei  inpatiens  H.  2,  40.  inpatiens  soils  pul- 
veris  H.  2,  99.  societatis  inpatiens  an.  2,  64.  inpatiens 
aemuli  an.  4,  3.  obsequi  inpatientes  an.  4,  72.  aequi  inpa- 
tiens an.  6,  25.  obsidionis  impatientes  an.  12,  30. 

VII.  The  following  similar  construction  in  Vergil  is  to  be 

noted. 

dives  opum  Aen.  1,  4;  2,  22.  fessi  rerum  1,  178.  ditissimus 
agri  1,  343;  10,  563.  laetissimus  umbrae  1,  441.  integer 
aevi  2,  638.  aevi  maturus  5,  73.  omnium  egenos  1,  599. 
inops  animi  4,  300.  veri  effeta  7,  440.  veni  vana  10,  630. 
fortunatus  laborum  11,  416.  indigenus  avorum  12,  649.  seri 
studiorum  expertos  belli  10,  173.  laevique  patens  11,  40. 

tui  fidissima  12,  659.    fidens  animi  2,  61.    fidus  animi 
servantissimus  aequi  2,  427.     patiens  pericli  10,  610.     nimbo- 

rum tempestatum potentatem  10,  225. 

The  above  usage  is  in  part  a  Graecism,  and  in  part  an 
extension  of  a  similar  construction  in  prose,  used  by  Vergil, 
the  extension  being  particularly  that  of  the  objective  genitive. 

VIII.  Simple  for  Compound  Verbs. 

The  use  of  simple  for  compound  verbs  is  purely  a  poetical 
one.  Not  only  is  it  an  archaism,  but  it  is  also  a  means  of 
arriving  at  variety  and  an  avoidance  of  the  stiffness  of  prosaic 
expression. 

vocare  =  provocare    G.  14.    ponunt  =  deponunt    G.  27. 
pellere  =  depellere   D.  17.    flexisse  =  deflexisse   D.  19. 
cluditur  =  includitur   D.  30.    finiebatur  =  definiebatur  D.  38. 
colunt  =  incolunt  G.  16.    vocare  =  provocare  G.  14.  H.  4,  80. 
vocent  =  provocent  H.  5,  25.    posuere  =  deposuere  A.  20. 
pensavit  =  compensavit  D.  40.   trahuntur  =  detrahuntur  A.  12. 
pensare  =  compensare  A.  22.  firmerant  =  confirmerant  H.  2, 10. 
rapere  =  deripere  H.  2,  12.    sistere  =  consistere  H.  3,  21. 
ciebat  =  exciebat   H.  3,  24. 
pensabantur  =  compensabantur    H.  3,  26. 
judicatur  =  dejudicatur  H.  3,  70.    sperso  =  adsperso  H.  5,  6. 


—     37     — 

vocent  =  provocent  H.  5,  25.    premi  =  oppremi    an.  16,  9. 

haurentium  =  exhaurentium  an.  16,  18. 

egerat  =  coegerat   an.  16,  34. 

cernerent  =  decernerent   an.  15,  15. 

premunt  =  reprimunt   an.  15,  64;  3,  6;  11,  2;  14,  5. 

premi  =  oppremi  an.  16,  9.    pressus  =  oppressus   an.  14,  5. 

vocans  =  invocans   an.  13,  55. 

raperentur  =  eriperentur  an.  13,  16. 

quaesivisset  =  acquaesivisset   an.  13,  15. 

quaesitam  =  conquisitam  an.  13,  7.    rapi  =  deripi  an.  13,  6. 

noscebantur  =  cognoscebantur. 

advertare  =  animadvertere    an.  12,  51;  2,  32;  4,  54. 

ferre  =  proferre  an.  12, 4;  6,  49.  vectum  =  advectum  an.  11, 14. 

juta  =  adjuta  an.  14,  4.   noscuntur  =  adnoscuntur  an.  4,  35. 

firmare  =  adfirmare  an.  6,  6.   noscerent  =  adnoscerent  an.  2,  28. 

solarentur  =  insolescerentur   an.  1,  14. 

ardescunt  =  exardescunt  an.  16, 29.  situm  =  positum  an.  1,  39. 

firmare  =  adfirmare  an.  6,  6.    noscerent  =  adnoscerent  H.  4, 40. 

vexisse  =  provexisse  an.  14,  54.  movetur  =  removetur  an.  14,  60. 

motus  =  remotus  an.  14,  32.  pressus  =  repressus  an.  14,  64. 

cernerent= decernerent  an.  15, 15.  premunt =repremunt  an.  15, 64. 

premi  =  opprimi    an.  16,  9.    rapere  =  deripere  H.  2,  12. 

posuit  =  proposuit   an.  1,  7;  4,  27. 

ardescunt  =  exardescunt  an.  1,  32.  firmare  =  adfirmare  an.  1, 81. 

versa  =  eversa   an.  2,  42. 

IX.  Simple  for  Compound  Verbs  in  Vergil. 

The  following  cases  of  simple  for  compound  verbs  may  be 
noted  in  Vergil. 

duco  =  produco  Aen.  2,  641;  4,  560.    eo  =  exeo  1,  246;  2,  27. 

eo  =  abeo  5,  269.    fero  =  aufero  10,  652;  12,  285. 

fero  =  adfero  6, 503.  fero  =  profero  9, 338.  fero  =  infero  10,  797. 

figo  =  transfigo  5,  544.    fundo  =  effundo  6,  440. 

lustro  =  inlustro  4,  6 ;  4,  607.    mitto  =  dimitto  1,  203. 

mitto  =  inmitto  12,  629.    nego  =  abnego  4,  428. 

pono  =  depono  1,  173;  1,  291;  1,  302;  11,  830;  12,  209. 

pono  =  impono  1,  706;  4,  602.    pono  =  compono  8,  639. 

premo  =  opprimo  3,  47.    primo  =  comprimo  6,  155. 

quaero  =  inquaero  6,  868.    rumpo  =  abrumpo  3,  580;  12,  669. 

ruo  =  proruo  1, 83.  ruo  =  eruo  1,  35;  1, 85.  sisto  =  consisto  3,  7. 


—    38    — 

temno  =  contemno  1,  542.    teneo  =  retineo  10,  802;  12,  819. 
voco  =  revoco  5,  471.    volvo  =  evolvo  1,  9;  1,  22;  1,  262. 

It  may  be  observed  that  the  poetical  use  of  simple  for 
compound  verbs  is  rare  in  the  minor  works  of  Tacitus,  not 
common  in  the  Histories,  but  abundant  in  the  Annals. 

X.  Intransitive  use  of  verbs  usually  transitive. 
This  use  is  due  to  the  elipsis  of  an  accusative  and  hence 
transitive  verbs  are  treated  as  intransitive, 
circumfundit  eques  fortemque  pedites  invasere   an.  3,  46. 
praefectum apud  Siluras  .  .  .   relictas  circumfundit 

an.  12,  38. 

Tune  a  veneratione  Augusti  orsus  flexit  ad  victorias   an.  1,  34. 
dein   redditas   absentiae   causis   .  .  .  vagis   flexit   ad   graviora 

an.  6,  15. 

ad  providentiam  sapientiamque  flexit  an.  13,  3. 
arguebatur  in  ambition  em  flexisse   an.  4,  37. 
hue  flexit  an.  4,  41. 
a  Formiis  movere   an.  15,  46. 

postquam  mutabat  aestus  ....  quo  ventus  ferebat   an.  2,  23. 
si  ita  ferret   an.  3,  15.    H.  2,  44. 
ilia  rupturas   an.  2,  17. 
Si  una  alterave  civitas  turbet   an.  3,  47. 
Cum  repente  turbare  fortuna  coepit  an.  4,  1. 
alio  vertunt  atque  una  tres  aquilas  locant    an.  1,  18. 

XI.  The  following  cases  occur  in  Vergil, 
incumbuere  mari   Aen.  1,  84.    incumbens  arae  2,  514. 
urgenti  incumbere  vellet  2,  653.  turn  vero  Teucri  incumbunt  4, 397. 
turn  prora  avertit  et  undis  1,  104.    et  avertus  rosea  ...  1,  402. 
et  jam  nox  .  .  .  praecipitat  2,  9.    praecipitant  senis  4,  251. 
dum  praecipitare  potestas?  4,  565.    fors  siqua  tulisset  2,  94. 
cunctis  insinuat  pavor  2,  229.    accingunt  omnes  open  2,  235. 
non  ....  abstinuit  2,  534.    transmittunt  cursu  4,  154. 
quo  proripis?  5,  741. 

XII.  Infinitive  of  purpose, 
donee  uotro  ambiretur  .  .  .  consulatum  accipere   an.  2,  43. 

ire  in  aciem flagrabant   H.  2,  46. 

Aemulabantur inlicere    H.  2,  62. 

inquietare  ....  morari  ....  foedari  ampiectabantur   H.  3,  84. 


—    39    — 

componunt  .  .  .  concire  an.  3,  40. 
inducunt  sententiam  expromere  an.  12,  9. 

inlectus ducere  uxorem   an.  2,  37. 

inliciebantur  spiritus  perstimulare   an.  4,  12. 

ergo  nuntiat  patri  obicere  spem    an.  16,  11. 

scribitur  ....  obsequi  an.  15,  25. 

scripsitque  ....  componere    an.  12,  29. 

impulerat  .  .  .  inlicere    an.  6,  45;  13,  19;  14,  60.    H.  3,  43. 

hortatur  capessere  an.  11, 16.   pepigere  ulcisci  an.  11,  9;  14,31. 

adegit  mittere   an.  11,  10.     oravit  .  .  .  adire   an.  11,  32;  6,  2. 

inducunt  ....  expromere  an.  12,  9.    deduci  impetrat  an.  12,  27. 

monet celerare  an.  12,  46.  sumere  cohortatur  an.  12,  49. 

repetere  dehortatus  est    an.  3,  16. 

hortatur  capessere   an.  11,  16.    orabant  cavere   an.  13,  13. 

impulit  ire   an.  13,  19.    suadit  .  .  .  agredi   an.  13,  37. 

suasurus  ....  omittere   an.  16,  9;  13,  37;  15,  63;  3,  53. 

perpulit  ....  suscipere    an.  13,  55;  6,  33. 

promittere  subegit   an.  14,  14;  14,  26;  1,  39. 

amittere  subegit  an.  14,  26.    resumere  . . .  pepigerant  an.  14,  31. 

scribitur  ....  obsequi   an.  15,  25. 

scripsit componere   an.  12,  29. 

operire imperavit  an.  15,  28.    ire  ...  imperavit  an.  2,  25. 

hortarentur  .  .  .  pergere    an.  15,  59. 

suadet abscidere  an.  15,  63.    amari  meruisti  an.  15,  67. 

pati  mereretur  an.  14,  48.    suadenti  abrumpere  an.  16,  9. 
mutare  quaerebant    G.  2.    nee  deerat  elicere   H.  3,  58. 
persuaseris  arare   G.  14.    dabaturque  diserere   an.  4,  6. 
apto  insumere  D.  9.     impulerat  resumere  et  miscere   H.  3,  4. 
praescriptum  fuisse   an.  6,  23.    datum  deducere  12,  11. 
visere  dabatur  6, 19.  negotio  dato  . . .  discernere  an.  6, 12;  2,  55. 
refellere  dabatur   3,  67.    admonuit  dicere   Agr.  25. 
gaudebant  iterare   H.  3,  11.    dabatur  eludere   3,  67. 
defendere  daretur  4,  60.  orabat  deligere  6,2;  11,  32;  12,  9: 13, 13. 

XIII.  Some  examples  from  Vergil, 
funemque  manu  contingere  gaudent  Aen.  2,  239. 
non  nos  aut  .  .  .  .  populare  venimus  aut  .  .  .  vertere  1,  527. 
dederatque  comam  diffundere  ventis  1,  319. 
avidi  conjungere  dextras  ardebant  1,  514. 
ardemus  scitari  et  quaerere  causas  2,  105. 
nee  revocare  situs  aut  jungere  carmina  curat  3,  451. 


—     40     — 

instaurati  animi  ....  succurere  tectis  2,  451. 
hoc  regnum  .  .  .  esse  .  .  .  jam  turn  tendit  1,  17. 
tendit  divellere  nodos  2,  220. 

convellere insequor  et  .  .  .  temptare  3,  31. 

necque  vincere  certo  5,  194. 

instant  —  ducere  —  moliri  —  subvolere   —  optare  —  con- 

cludere  —  1,  423—5. 

instant  eruere  2,  627—8.    temptat  praevertere  1,  721. 
temptant  ....  foedare  3,  240 — 1.    certabantque  inludere  2,  64. 
fatale  adgressi  sacrato  avellere  templo  2,  165. 
convellere  ....  insequor  3,  31 — 2. 

ne  trepidate  meas defenders  navis  9,  114. 

celerare  fugam  patriaque  excedere  suadet  1,  357. 

duci  intra  muros  hortatur  et  arce  locari  2,  33. 

reddi  sibi  poscit  honorem  5,  342. 

tot  volvere  casus  ....  tot  adire  labores  .  .  .  impulerit  1,  9. 

festinare  fugam  tortosque  incidere  funis  .  .  .  stimulat  4,  575. 

metus  acer  agit  quocumque  rudentis  excutere  3,  682. 

impulerat foedare  latebras  2,  55. 

cernere  letum  fecisti  2,  538—9. 

XIV.  Infinitives  with  adjectives. 

In  prose  Paratus  is  the  only  adjective   used  freely  with 
the  infinitive.     Further  extension  of  this  usage  is  found  in  the 
poets,  due  to  Greek  influence.     Such  a  construction  is  confined 
to  participles  of  verbs  or  adjectives   derived   from   such   verbs, 
and  with  other  adjectives  expressing  volition  or  fitness  etc. 
Muta  ista  et  inanima  intercidere  ac  reparari  H.  1,  84. 
sed  certus  procul  urbe  degere   an.  4,  57. 
et  quoque  facinore  properus  clarescere   an.  4,  52. 
atrox  ac  dissentire  manifestus   an.  2,  57. 
satis  manifestus  est  .  .  .  .  accingi    D.  19. 
non  falso  suspectus  bellum  malle   H.  4,  34. 

peritus  obsequi  eritusque miscere  Agr.  8. 

facilis  corrumpi   H.  4,  39. 

terris  oriri  sueta  patiens  frugum  Agr.  12. 

factus  natura  ....  velare  odium   an.  14,  56. 

offendere  obnoxium   D.  10. 

constantus  probasse   D.  18. 

significasse  contentus    D.  23. 

detracasse  contentus   D.  26. 


—     41     — 

XV,  Vergil  has  the  following  cases. 

certa  .  .  .  mori   Aen.  4,  564.    certari  ....  parati  5,  108, 
maior  ....  videri  6,  49.    praevertere  7,  806 — 7. 

felicior unguere  ....  armare  9,  772 — 3. 

avidus  confundere  12,  290.    nescia  vinci  pectora  12,  527. 
praeustantior  ....  ciere  6,  164. 

XVI.  Reflexive  Verbs. 

in  questus  lacrimas  vota  effundi   an.  1,  11. 
lit  effusi  in  lacrimas  saeva  et  .  .  .  .  clamitarent   an.  3,  23^ 
et  effusmn  in  lacrimas  senatum  ....  erexit   an.  4,  8. 
pares  validaeque  miscentur   Germ.  20. 

Statim  e  somno lavantur   Germ.  22. 

ac  jam  pridem  probatis  adgregantur   Germ.  13. 

per  human  evolvuntur   Germ.  39. 

Fennosque  silvarum  ac  montium  eregitur   Ger.  46. 

Tiberii  genua  advolveretur   an.  1,  13. 

et  hostes  ad  occasionem  verterentur   Agr.  18. 

maiorem  ad  spem  adcingi   an.  11,  28. 

quasi  per  virtutem  dari  honoratique  agere   an.  14,  15. 

nee  quidquam  prius  imbuuentur   H.  5,  5. 

falsa  exterritus   an.  4,  28. 

Arguitur  ....  revincebatur    an.  6,  5. 

bracas  indutus   H.  2,  20. 

Aram  posuit expressam   an,  3,  74. 

XVII.  Reflexive  Verbs  in  Vergil. 

The  conception  of  the  use  of  the  passive  forms  in  a  middle 
sense  is  found  in  the  poets  and  is  a  suggestion  from  the  Greek 
middle  voice. 

et  Libyae  vertuntur  ad  oras   Aen.  1,  158. 
implentur  veteris  bacchi  pinguisque  ferinae  1,  215. 
ipse  urbem  repeto  et  cingor  fulgentibus  armis  2,  749. 
ruuntque  effusi  carcere  currus  5,  145.    circumfundimur  2,  383. 
expedior  2,  633.    Aperitur  3,  275.    inferar  4,  545. 
reddar  6,  545.    eripiare  12,  948.    imponere  2,  707. 
proruptus  1,  246;  7,  459.     circumfusu  2,  64.     protecti  2,  444. 
effusus  5,  145;  10,  803.    converse  9,  724. 


-     42     - 

XVIH.  Greek  Accusative. 

This,  as  the  terminology  indicates,  is  a  Greek  construction, 
borrowed  by  the  poets.     The  prose  construction  would  be  the 
ablative,    since  this   accusative    denotes  a  specified    quality  in 
connection  with  a  verb  or  adjective, 
contectus  humeros    an.  2,  13.    clari  genus   an.  6,  9. 
adlevatur  animum   an.  6,  43.    cetera  degenerem  6,  42. 
frontem  ....  tergum  ....  latera  ....  munitus   an.  1,  50. 
nudus  brachia  ac  lacertos    G.  17. 
cetera  egregius  an.  14,  49.    diversa  excusantibus  3,  11. 
magnitudinem  negotiorum    an.  5,  2. 
falsum  remdens  vultu   an.  4,  60. 

quae  vicerant   an.  12,  60.    neutraque  perveniret   an.  14,  14. 
cetera  intecta   G.  17.    bracas  indutus   H.  2,  20. 
manum  aeger  H.  4,  81.    animum  vultumque  conversis  H.  1,  85. 
frontem  tergaque  ac  latus  tuti  H.  4,  20. 
oblitus  faciem  suo  cruore   an.  2,  17. 
praeriguisse  manus  an.  13,  35.    frigidus  jam  artus  an.  15,  64. 

XIX.  Vergil  uses  the  Greek  Accusative. 
Nuda  genu  1,  320.    nudus  membra  8,  425. 
os  umerosque  similis  1,  589.    sacra  comam  7,  60. 
capita  .  .  .  corusci  9,  678.    saucius  .  .  .  pectus  12,  5. 
saucius  ora  12,  652.    colla  tumentum  2,  381. 
Nigrantis  terga  5,  97.    flaventem  ....  malas  10,  324. 
animum  arrecti  1,  579.    mentem  .  .  .  pressus  3,  47. 
membra  victus  9,  337.    comam  .  .  .  nutat  2,  629. 
vultum  ....  movetur  6,  470.    oculos  suffusa  1,  228. 
sinus  collecta  1,  320.    tunsae  pectora  palmis  1,  481. 
vultum  demissa  1,  561.    faciem  mutatus  et  ora  1,  658. 
oculos  suffecti  2,  210.    circum  terga  dati  2,  218 — 9. 

perfusus vittas  2,  221.    exuvias  indutus  2,  275. 

crinem  ....  solutae  3,  65.    redimitus  tempora  3,  81. 

caudas  ....  commissa  3,  428.    Chlamydem  circumdata  4,  137. 

mentum crinem  ....  subnexus  4,  216—7. 

crinis  effusa  4,  509.    exuta  pedem  4,  518,  589,  590. 
interfusa  genas  4,  644.    os  impressa  toro  4,  659. 
defixus  lumnia  6,  156.    picti  scuta  7,  796. 
adsueta  manus  7,  806.    protecti  corpora  8,  662. 
fusus barbam  10,  838.    thoraca  indutus  11,  487. 


—    43    — 

oculos fixus  11,  507.    pictus  ....  tunicas  11,  777. 

conversi  lumina  12,  172.    per  pedes  trajectus  lora  2,  273. 
manus  .  .  .  revinctum  2,  57.    innexa  pedem  5,  511. 

XX.  The  Accusative  towards  which  motion  takes  place.     This 

use,  ordinarily  confined  to  the  names  of  cities,  towns  and  small 

islands,   and  to  domus  and  rus,  is  given  a  wider  latitude  by 

Tacitus  after  the  manner  of  the  poets. 

evadere  angustias  an.  5,  10;  3,  14.    A.  33,  44. 

Hiberos  pervadit  an.  12,  51.    incedere  locum  an.  16. 1;  14,  15. 

Campos  propinquabant  an.  12,  13.    eniti  agerem  an.  2,  20. 

proximus  quisque  regem  vi  etc.  15,  15. 

egredi  tentoria  an.  1,  61;  4,  64.    H.  3,  59. 

ductus  uiide  Caugos  12,  32.    Aventium  defertur  H.  3,  84. 

exire  lubricum  an.  6,  49.    non  ibo  infitias  an.  15,  2. 

elabi  pugnam  an.  1,  61.    accedere  lentoria  H.  2,  27. 

ripam  accedere  H.  1,  82.    an.  14,  11. 

oppidum  irrumperere  A.  36.    H,  3,  18. 

incursare  Germaniam  H.  4,  33.    an.  1,  49. 

involare  castra  H.  4,  81.    an  13,  6.    advolvi  genua. 

XXT.  Examples  from  Vergil. 

Italiam litora  1,  2.    locos  1,  365. 

alias  .  .  .  oras  1,  512;  3,  601.    limina  6,  696. 
tumulum  .  .  .  sedem  2,  742.    finis  Italos  3,  440. 

XXII.  Partitive  or  Quasi  Partitive  Genitive. 
The  number  of  such  genitives  is  characteristic  of  Tacitus, 
"as  also  the  frequency  with  which  the  partitive  idea  is  almost 
altogether  lost  sight  of,  and  the  genitive  equivalent  to  a  simple 
adjective  as  in  poetry.' ? 

a)  After  neuter  singular  adjectives, 
innudo  paludum  an.  1,  61.    lubrico  paludum  1,  65. 
in  prominenti  litoris  1,  53.    post  multum  vulnerum  12,  56. 
eo  loci  an.  4,  4.    id  solitudinis  an.  11,  32. 
extremum  inopiae  Agr.  38.    extreme  paludis  H.  5,  18. 
extremo  Anni   an.  6,  27.    lubrico  itinerum  H.  1,  79. 
lubricum  juventae   an.  6,  49. 

lubricum  adulescentulae   an.  14,  56.    Sero  diei   an.  2,  21. 
Medium  diei   an.  11,  21;  12,  69;  14,  2.    H.  1,  62;  3,  11. 


—     44    — 

medio  temporis  H.  2,  53.    an.  14,  53. 

medio  montium   an.  1,  64.    obscurum  noctis   H.  2,  14. 

certo  anni  H.  5,  6.    multo  jam  noctis   H.  3,  79. 

reliquo  noctis   an.  14,  10.    minimo  temporis   H.  3,  83. 

obscuro  diei   an.  2,  39.    obscuro  lucis  H.  4,  50. 

asperrimo  hiemis  an.  3,  5. 

secretum  Asiae   H.  1,  10.    Agr.  25.    H.  2,  100. 

secreto  loci   an.  4,  41;  4,  57. 

celeberrimo  fori   an.  4,  67. 

in  extreme  ponticae  orae  H.  3,  47.    diverse  terrarum  an.  3,  59. 

in  proximo  Campaniae   an.  4,  74. 

b)  After  neuter  plural  adjectives, 
media  campi   Agri.  35.    subita  belli   Agri.  37. 
orientis  secreta   Agr.  44.    secretiora  Germaniae   G.  41 . 
pauca  campestrium   G.  43.    laeva  maris   H.  2,  2. 
novissima  Libyae  H.  5,  2.    alia  honorum   an.  1,  9. 
extrema  Asiae   an.  2,  54.    imperil  extrema   an.  4,  74. 
cuncta  camporum   H.  5,  10.    cuncta  curarum   an.  3,  35. 
reliqua  locus   an.  12,  56.    praecipua  rerum    an.  4,  40. 
tacita  suspicionum  an.  4,  41. 

simulationum  falsa  an.  6,  45.    summa  imperil   an,  11,  8. 
ad  summa  militiae  H.  2,  75.    per  avia  Moesiae   H.  2,  85. 
avia  Armeniae  an.  13,  37.    vana  rumoris   an.  4,  59. 
inania  belli  H.  2,  69.    silvarum  ac  montium  profunda  Ag.  25. 
fluctuum  adversa   A.  25.    domum  adversa   an.  3,  24. 
in  aperta  Oceani   an.  2,  23.    offensorum  operta   H.  3,  65. 
inculta  montium   an.  1,  17.    occulta  saltuum    an.  1,  61. 
prima  silvarum   an.  2,  16.    prima  consiliorum  H.  2,  11. 
prima  rerum   H.  2,  46.    prominentia  montium   an.  2,  16. 
amoena  Asiae   an.  3,  7.    amoena  litorum   H.  3,  76. 
longinqua  imperil   an.  3,  34. 
in  longinqua  et  contermina  Scythiae   an.  6,  36. 
dubiis  proeliorum  H.  2,  33.    incerta  respondentium  14,  8. 
fortuita  fraudi  suae  H.  2,  60.    fortuita  belli  H.  4,  23. 
angusta  et  lubrica  viarum  H.  3,  82.    viarum  angusta  H.  4,  35. 
derepta  et  avia  sequentis  an.  4,  45.    montium  editis  an.  4,  46. 
montium  edita   an  12,  56.    altiora  murorum   H.  2,  22. 
obstantia  silvarum   an.  1,  50. 
proxima  municipiorum   an.  15,  58. 
proxima  litorum  H.  3,  42. 


—    45    — 

XXIII.  Partitive  or  Quasi  Partitive  in  Vergil 

a)  Adjectives  in  the  singular. 

quod  cumque  hoc  regni    Aen.  1,  78.    Aulai  medio  3,  354. 
tecti  medio  7,  59. 

b)  Adjectives  in  the  plural. 
Strata  viarum  1,  422.    opaca  lucorum  2,  725. 
angusta  viarum  6,  633.    ardua  terrarum  5,  695. 
Libyae  deserta  1,  384. 

XXIV.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object  with  implied  local  relation, 

where  the  Ablative  with  a  preposition  would  be  more  usual,  is 

adopted  chiefly  from  the  poets  and  Livy. 

legionibus  abstraheret   an.  2,  5.     cui  .  .  .  .  excursari   an.  1,  2. 
morti  eximant   an.  1,  48.    extractum  custodiae   an.  6,  23. 
proripuit  .  .  .  custodibns   an.  4,  45.    livere  iis   an.  13,  42. 
illaborare  domibus   G.  46.    imgemere  agris   G.  46. 
nihil  libidini  exceptum   A.  15.    eximere  morti   an.  1,  48. 
respondenti  reticens   an.  14,  49. 
sublatum  capiti  diadema   an.  15,  29. 

XXV.  Parallel  Construction  in  Vergil. 

Excipiam  sorti   Aen.  9,  271.    Memori  .  .  .  eximet   Aen.  9,  448. 
silici  scintillam  excudit  Aen.  1,  174.    mihi  .  .  .  eripuit  2,  735. 
siculo  latus  abscidit  Aen.  3,  418. 

cui  lumen  ademptum  3,  658.    oculos  furare  labori  Aen.  5,  845. 
desistere  pugnae   Aen.  10,  441. 

XXVI.  The  dative  of  a  noun  so  closely  connected  with  another 
that  a  genitive  would  be  expected  is  frequent  in  the  poets. 

rector  juveni   an.  1,  24.    paci  firmator   an.  2,  46. 

suffugium  hiemi  et  receptaculum  frugibus   G.  16. 

subsidia  dominationi  an.  1,  3.    subsidium  rei  familiari  an.  15,  33. 

plures  seditioni  duces   an.  1,  22. 

virtuti  pretium   an.  3,  40.    resumendae  libertati  an.  3,  40. 

finem  hello   an.  2,  21.    initium  bello   H.  1,  67. 

liberis  tutor   an.  2,  67.    Serano  fautores   an.  4,  60. 

Tiberio  auxiliator   an.   6,  43.    praedam  victoribus   an.  4,  76. 

id  genti  caput   an.  1,  56.    Genti  Caput   H.  5,  8. 

id  rex  Hiberis   an.  11,  8.    Druso  proavus    an.  2,  43. 


—    46    — 

causas  bello   an.  2,  64.    causam  sedition!   H.  4,  19. 
custos  saluti   an.  3,  14.    corpori  custodes   an.  6,  36. 
Ministri  sceleribus  an.  6,  36.    ministros  bello   H.  1,  88. 
bello  ministra  an.  4,  22.    pignus  societati   an.  4,  61. 
dona  templis   an.  2,  60.    Othoni  ....  comes  H.  1,  22. 
Antonio  Comes   an.  3,  6.    Avo  Comes  an.  3,  6. 
Materiam  sceleri   an.  12,  22.    plebi  tribunus   an.  16,  26. 
initia  causasque  imperio   H.  2,  1. 

XXVII.  Some  Vergilian  Passages. 

Scaenis futuris   Aen.  1,  429. 

aerea  cui  gradibus  surgebant  limina   Aen.  1,  448. 

huic  cervixque  comaeque  trahuntur  per  terram   Aen.  1,  477. 

populis  .  .  .  regnatorem   Aen.  2,  556 — 7. 

XXVHI.  Dative  of  Agent. 

Tacitus  like  the  poets  couples  this  dative  freely  with  any 
passive   form   without   restriction  to  the   gerundive  or  passive 
participles  or  adjectives  in  bilis,  and  without  any  notion  of  the 
interest  of  the  agent. 
Sibi  adspici   an.  1,  17. 

propinquis remover entur   an.  2,  50. 

Claris  scriptoribus  memorata  sunt   an.  1,  1. 

Aelia  Paetino Narcisso  fovebantur   an.  12,  1. 

verum  audita  scriptaque  senioribus  tradam   an.  11,  27. 

pluribus curabatur  an.  14,  58. 

Missi  ....  Paeto  nuntii  an.  15,  14. 

Ulixi  consecratam  G.  3.      Aedesque  ....  Komulo   an.  15,  41. 

Null  as  Germanorum  populis  urbes  habitari  G.  16. 

Gallis  in  meridiem  inspicitur    Ag.  10. 

Tiberio  implicabantur   an.  1,  11. 

mihi  suadatum  est  D.  4.    oculis  spectanda   D.  8. 

Herennio  Senecioni  .  .  .  laudati  essent  Agr.  2. 

XXIX.  In  Vergil. 

Vetor  fatis  Aen.  1,  39.    cunctis  .  .  .  inprovisus  Aen.  1,  594. 
lectis  .  .  .  comitatus   Aen.  9,  48.    miserae  dilectus  Aen.  1,  44. 
dilecta  sorori  Aen.  4,  31.    dilectus  Julo    5,  569. 
neque  cernitur  ulli   Aen.  1,  440. 
videri  caelicolis  Aen.  2,  591.    nulli  visa    5,  610. 
Danais  ....  refixum   Aen.  5,  560. 


—     47     — 

XXX.  The  dative  after  compound  verbs  where  the  accusative 
with  a  preposition  would  be  the  usual  construction  is  also 

poetical  and  is  found  frequently  in  Tacitus. 
Appulsas  litori  naves  H.  4,  84. 
provolvi  genibus   an.  11,  30;  12,  18;  14,  6L 
properantibus  Blaesus  advenit   an.  1,  18. 
jamque  pectori  usque  adcreverat   an.  1,  19. 
centurionem  morti  deposcit  an.  1,  23. 
inecessit  itineri  et  proelio   an.  1,  51. 
qui  tributo  aderant   an.  4,  72.    excubiis  adest   an.  12,  69. 
Nee  quemquam  exemplo  adsumo    an.  6,  8. 
urbium  excidiis  reperta   H.  3,  84. 

retinebatur  adhuc  terrori  H.  2,  10.    inducere  penatibus  an.  5,  1. 
rupibus  inductus   an.  6,  21.    imperatoris  fastigio   an.  14,  61. 
factum  est  senatus  consultum  ultioni  juxta  et  securitate  an.  13, 21. 
viae  pariter  et  pugnae  an.  13,  40. 

alii  matrimonio  se  obstruxisse   an.  15,  53.    honori   an.  2,  7. 
verboribus   an.  13,  26* 

XXXI.  The  above  construction  is  found  only  in  verse  in 

Classical  times  and  is  verry  common  in  Vergil, 
inferret ....  Latio   Aen.  1,  6.    appulit  oris  Aen.  1,  377;  3,  338. 
adnavimus  oris    Aen.  1,  538. 

includunt lateri  Aen.  2,  19.    demisere  neci  Aen.  2,  85. 

demittimus  Oreo   Aen.  2,  398.    Miserit  Oreo   Aen.  9,  785. 

Lateri abdidit  Aen.  2,  553.    Caelo  ....  tendit  Aen.  2, 288. 

it  clamor  caelo  Aen.  5,  451.    libo  ....  focis    Aen.  3,  177. 

venit  medio  Aen.  3, 417 ;  4, 392 ;  4, 613.  decensus  Averno  Aen.  6, 126. 

Caelo  ....  educere    Aen.  6,  178;  2,  186;  6,  297. 

terrae  dejecerat    Aen.  10,  546.     deturbet  terrae   Aen.  10,  555. 

Alto  prospiciens  Aen.  1,  126. 

prospectum  ....  pelago   Aen.  1,  181;  1,  226. 

effusi  lacrimis    Aen.  2,  651. 

XXXII.  Dative  of  Purpose. 

The  dative  of  purpose  is  probably  a  psychological  suggestion 
of  the  dative  of  limit:  while  the  latter  indicates  the  end  of 
physical  activity,  the  former  would  seem  to  indicate  the  limit 
of  man's  purpose.  The  dative  of  purpose  is  found  in  prose  in 
Military  Expressions  and  in  the  double  dative  construction.  But 
in  Tacitus,  as  in  poetry,  it  is  much  more  freely  used. 


—    48     — 

custodiae  adposito   an.  1,  6.    qui  tribute  aderant   an.  4,  72. 
opprimendo  bello   an.  11,  1.    quibus  abluendis   an.  11,  2. 
rei  publicae  obtentui  sumpta   an.  1,  10. 

alii  copora abiecta  ostentui    an.  1,  29. 

equos  venatui  adornatos  sistrant    an.  12,  13. 

ostentui dehonestamento    an.  12,  14. 

subsidio  .  .  .  victores    an.  12,  29* 

quod  adquaerendis  vulgi  studiis  edebatur    12,  41. 

quae  more  militiae  excubiis  adest    an.  12,  69. 

Ultioni securitate  an.  13,32.  viae  pariter  et  pugnae  an.  13,40. 

incessit  itineri  et  proelio    an.  1,  51. 

firmando  praesidio   an.  13,  41.    capessendo  bello   an.  13,  41. 

trans  montem  Tauram  reciperandis    an.  15,  8. 

expediri  tamen  itineri  an.  15,  10* 

obtenendae  ....  Armeniae  an.  15,  14. 

Augendis  ....  bonis   an.  16,  1.    morti  deposcit   an.  1,  23. 

inrisui  H.  1,  7.    an.  14,  39.    derisui   Agr.  39. 

deridiculo   an.  3,  57.    despectu   H.  4,  57.    metui   an.  4,  69. 

obtentui  H.  1,  49.    H.  2,  14.    H.  3,  35. 

ostentui  an*  12,  14;  15,  29;  15,  64.    Usui  H.  1,  79.    an.  11,  14. 

potui    Gr.  23.    victui vestitui    G-.  46. 

veno  dare    an.  4,  1.    veno  posita    an.  14,  15. 

indutui  gerere  an.  16,  4.    cum  visui . . .  praeberetur  an.  12,  21. 

cum  ille  equum  placendo  animi  adornasset   an.  6,  37. 

amici  accedendis  offensionibus  callidi    an.  2,  57. 

repertus  est  --  nudus  exercitando  corpori    an.  14,  59. 

XXXIII.  Dative  of  Purpose  in  Vergil. 

optare  locum  tecto  Aen.  1,  425.    Collectam  exilio  Aen.  2,  798. 
optavit  ....  locum  regno  Aen.  3,  109. 
bello  armantur  equi  Aen.  3,  540.    rimaturque  epulis  Aen.  6,  599. 
excidio  Libyae   Aen.  1,  22.    hospitio  Teucris   Aen.  1,  299. 

auxilio    Aen.  5,  686.    multis exitio    Aen.  9,  315. 

An cordi    Aen.  7,  325;  9,  615. 

XXXIV.  Local  Ablative. 

The  use  of  the  ablative  without  a  preposition  to  denote  place 
is  a  poetical  construction  and  used  freely  by  Tacitus  not  only 
with  proper  names  but  also  with  verbs  signifying  separation. 
The  poets  use  the  ablative  very  freely  to  denote  the  source  or 
starting  point  of  motion  as  well  as  separation  in  general. 


—    49    — 

Tumulo   D.  13.    an.  14,  10.    piano  H.  3,  19. 

toris   D.  21.    vicino   H.  3,  38.    loco    H.  4,  84. 

Delo    an.  3,  61.    Eodem  latere    H.  3,  48. 

Saxo  Seripho   an.  4,  21.    piano    H.  3,  19. 

Crepitudinibus   an.  15,  37.     sumo  montium  jugis   H.  3,  77. 

lateribus  aut  fronte   an.  15,  38. 

caelo  terraque   H.  1,  3.    balneis   an.  2,  16. 

suggestu  H.  1,  55.    an.  6,  37. 

colonia  piano  sita   H.  3,  19.    Italia   an.  13,  25. 

vicino  sita  H.  3,  38.    Armenia   an.  13,  7.    solido   an.  5,  6. 

pontico  mari   an.  13,  39.    Aequo   Agr.  35.    cubiculo   an.  13,  44. 

artissimo  . . .  devortis  an.  12,  63.  an.  1,  64;  2,  52 ;  13,  38;  15,  29. 

medio   H.  3,  16.    H.  1,  68.    an.  1,  61.    an.  2,  52.    Ag.  24. 

isdem  hibernis   H.  1,  55.    theatre   an.  14,  20. 

isdem  tentoris   H.  2,  45.    novis  hibernaculis   an.  14,  38. 

finibus  Frisiarum   an.  1,  60.    surburbano  rare  an.  15,  60. 

porta  triumphal!  an.  1,  8.    litore  oceani   an.  1,  63. 

structis  moUibus    an.  2,  60.    toro   an.  3,  5. 

saxis  et  acre   an.  4,  43.    campo  aut  litore   an.  4,  74. 

XXXV.  Similar  Construction  in  Vergil. 

terris  et  alto  Aen.  1,  3.    vasto  . .  .  antro  Aen.  1,  52. 

celsa  .  .  .  arce   Aen.  1,  56.    Iliacis  campis   Aen.  1,  97. 

foribus   Aen.  1,  505.    media  testudine   Aen.  1,  505. 

umbris   Aen.  1,  547.    montibus   Aen.  1,  607. 

templis   1,  632.    Asylo   Aen.  2,  761.    humo  Aen.  3,  3. 

imo  ....  gurgite   Aen.  3,  42L    jugo   Aen.  3,  542. 

Erymantho   Aen.  5,  448.    alta  mente   Aen.  1,  26. 

flammato  .  .  .  corde  Aen.  1,  50. 

talis  jactantem  pectore  curas  Aen.  1,  227.    Animis  Aen.  1,  149. 

promissis  maneas  Aen.  2, 160.    dictis  .  .  .  manacres  Aen.  8,  643. 

ponto  Aen.  1,  40.    antro  Aen.  1,  52.    speluncis  Aen.  1,  60. 

XXXVI.  Ablative  of  Place  Whence  (without  prep.). 

Armenia  an.  1,  3.    Etruria  Lucania  et  Omni  Italia  an.  11,  24. 
Suria   an.  13,  35.    fuga  impediverat   an.  1,  39. 
progrediuntur  contuberniis  an.  1,  41.    abire  sedibus  an.  12,  19. 
abhorrere  talibus   an.  1,  54;  14,  21.    H.  5,  24. 
Italia  deportarentur   an.  14,  45.    curia  depromptum    an.  6,  40. 
globo  effusa   an.  2,  23.    paludibus  emersum   an.  1,  65. 

4 


—     50    — 

solo  ac  parietibus  eruptae   an.  2,  69. 

extractum  cubile   an.  1,  39;  15,  13. 

recens  dolore  et  ira   an.  1,  41.    Aegypto   an.  2,  69. 

testudine  labi  H.  3,  29.    sublatum  capite  diadema  an.  15,  29, 

profugus  altaribus  taurus  H.  2,  56.  prorumptus  vagina  an.  15,  54. 

cubiculoque  prommpit   an.  13,  44;  15,  40.    H.  4,  34. 

occursu  prohibitus   an.  16,  24.    fuga  empedire   an.  1,  39. 

eradendum  fastis   an.  3,  17.    albo  senatoris  erasit   an.  4,  42. 

stipendiis  recentes  an.  15, 59*    recentia  caede  vestigia  an.  3, 19. 

recens  praetura  an.  4,  52.    collibus    an.  2,  17. 

XXXVII.  Some  Examples  from  Vergil. 

progredior  portu   Aen.  3,  300.    toto  proruptus   Aen.  7,  459. 

Latio  Aen.  1,31.    Italia  Aen.  1,38.    finibus  extoris  Aen.  4,616. 

montibus   Aen.  6,  182.    raptas  .  .  .  concessu  Aen.  8,  635. 

cassum  lumine  Aen.  2,  85.    carcere  dolis  Aen.  2,  44. 

morte  resignat  Aen.  4,  244.    exspirantem  . . .  *pectore  Aen.  1, 44. 

imis  stagna  refusa  vadis    Aen.  1,  126. 

aethere  summo  1,  223.    umeris  .  .  .  suspenderat  Aen.  1,  318. 

complexu  .  .  .  colloque  pependit   Aen.  1,  715. 

collo  intendunt   Aen.  2,  236.    intenta  .  .  .  remis   Aen,  5,  136. 

conjuncta  crepidine  10,  6,  53.    Maia  genitum   Aen.  1,  297. 

Nate  dea  Aen.  1,  582;  1,  615.    satum  quo  Aen.  2,  540. 

Hammone  satus  Aen.  4,198.    satusAnchisa  Aen.  5,244;  5,424. 

XXXV1H.  Anastrophe. 

Aram  quin  etiam   Ger.  3.    Ultro  quin  etiam  Agr.  26. 

paucos  quippe  an.  16, 17.  rebus  turbidus  pro  tempore  ut  an.  12, 49. 

hortorum magnificentia  quasi   an.  14,  52. 

compendiis  .  .  .  cum   an.  1,  63.    Classem  quippe  an.  2,  15. 
Loadicenis  ac  magnetibus  simul   an.  4,  55. 
sed  inter  epulas  principis  si  an.  14,  3.    erat  quippe  an.  2,  33. 
^  Subit  quippe    Agr.  3.     acribus  namque    an.  1,  56. 
divisa  namque   an.  2,  43.    vanescante  quamquam   an.  5,  9. 
mira  quamquam    an.  6,  30.    redditi  quamquam  an.  14,  21. 
frueretur  immo   an.  11,  30.    statueretur  an.  12,  6. 
quaedam  immo   an.  15,  21.    impudentia  dum   an.  14,  5. 
hortos  quin  etiam  an.  15,  39.    litora  contra  an.  3,  1. 
judice  ab  immo  an.  3,  10.    ornatum  ad  urbis  Ger.  3,  72. 
inito  ab  an.  4,  5.    patriam  coram  obtestor   an.  4,  8. 


—     51    — 

hostem  propter   an.  4,  48.    viam  miseni  propter  an.  14,  9. 
viam  propter  an.  15,  47.    ripam  an.   6,  37;  12,  11;  12,  51. 
paucos  inter   an.  11,  10.    rostra  juxta   an.  12,  21. 
Tiberio  abusque   an.  13,  47.    misenum  inter   an.  14,  4. 
seque  coram    an.  1,  19.    urbem  extra    an.  13,  47. 
humum  infra    an.  11,  20.    Scythias  inter    an.  6,  41. 
praeturam  intra   an.  3,  75.    Tiberim  juxta  an.  2,  41. 
lucem  intra   an.  4,  48.    hostem  propter   an.  4,  48. 
humum  super    an.  16,  35.    Caesaris  juxta    an.  13,  15. 
Torsam  inter   an.  4,  50.    Amunclanum  inter   an.  4,  59. 
tectum  inter   an.  4,  69.    partem  in  aliam   an.  11,  3. 
lacu  in  ipso   an.  12,  56.    Noctemque  intra  unum   an.  11,  36. 
inito  ab  Suriae   an.  4,  5.    ripam  apud  Euphratis   an.  6,  31. 
oppido  a  Canopo    an.  2,  60.    Montem  apud  Erycum  an.  4,  43. 
sedes  inter  vestalium  an.  4,  16.    Ferentino  in  oppido  an.  15,  53. 
Lupiam  amnes  inter  an.  1,  60.    disque  et  patria  Coram  an.  4,  8. 

XXXIX.  Anastrophe  in  Vergil. 

"The  preposition,  especially  if  dissyllabic,  frequently  follows 
its  noun  in  poetry;  in  prose  this  use  is  confined  to  certain 
prepositions  and  certain  combinations.  A  preposition  having 
two  or  more  objects  is  sometimes  set  between  them." 

Maria  omnia  circum  Aen.  1,  32.    Pergama  circum  Aen.  1,  466. 

litus  harenosum  ad  Aen.  4,  257. 

spemque  metumque  inter    Aen.  1,  218. 

Quos  inter  medios  Aen.  1,  348. 

Scyllam  atque  Charybdim  inter    Aen.  3,  685. 

et  sedibus  haeret  in  isdem    Aen.  2,  654. 

volat  aequora  juxta  Aen.  4,  255.    Altaria  juxta  Aen.  4,  517. 

hos  juxta  falso    Aen.  6,  430.    quern  juxta    Aen.  6,  815. 

Conjunctions:  longius  et  volens    Aen.  1,  262. 

cernere  ne  quis  posset   Aen.  1,  413. 

vina  bonus  quae  deinde  Aen.  1,  195.    quae  deinde  Aen.  3,  609. 

qui  deinde   Aen.  5,  258.    patriae  nee   Aen.  2,  159. 

aemula  necdum  Aen.  5,  415.    fecissentque  utinam  Aen.  2,  110. 

mansissetque  utinam  Aen.  3,  615.    cuperem  cum  Aen.  5,  810. 

cervam  licet  Aen.  6,  802.    non  me  impia  namque  Aen.  5,  733. 

quantus   Aen.  12,  702.    quando   Aen.  6,  50;  10,  366. 

quia   8,  650.    sed   Aen.  1,  353.    Ceu   Aen.  2,  355. 


—    52    — 

XL.  Adjectives  for  Adverbs. 

Adjectives  are  used  very  often  by  Tacitus,  as  well 
as  by  the  poets,  after  the  manner  of  the  Greeks,  for  ad- 
verbs, when  greater  power  is  thereby  given  to  the  dis- 
course. 

domum  Germanici  revivescere  occulti  lactabantur  an.  4,  12. 

Si  citi  advenisset    an.  12,  12. 

Aufert  marito  ....  adeo  properus  an.  5,  1. 

a  se  suisque  orsus  primam  domum  suam  coercuit   Ag.  19. 

adversum  luxum,  qui  immensum  proruperat    an.  3,  52. 

Tiberius  torvus  aut  falsum  renidens  vultu   an.  4,  60. 

innocentem  Cornutum  et  falsa  exterritum   an.  4,  28. 

quod  ni  frequens modo    Agr.  37. 

quam  frequens  contionibus  H.  4,  69.    frequens  secretus  an.  4,  3. 
adesse  frequens  an.  4,  55.  in  laboribus  frequens  adesse  an.  13, 35. 

rari  gladiis utuntur  G.  6.    rarus  in  tribunal!  an.  2,  57. 

rarus  obtrectator   an.  4,  33.    rarus  per  urbem   an.  14,  56. 

non  jam  obscuri  suadentes    Agr.  42. 

Multus  in  agmine  Agr.  20.    subitus  irrupit  H.  3,  47. 

progressi  et  repentinis  hostibus   an.  15,  4. 

Avidus  intercepit  Agr.  22.    diversi  interpretabantur  an.  2,  73. 

Sis  Dacus  Gennanusque  diversi  inrupissent  H.  3,  46. 

pergit  properus    an.  6,  44. 

properique  et  singulis inferentur  an.  16,  11. 

dum  adversam  fortunam  aequus  tolerat   an.  5,  8. 
ut  vulgus  inprovidum  inriti  stabimus  H.  3,  20. 
inritusque  discesserit  ille  an.  1,  59. 
ne  inriti  dissuaderent    an.  14,  7. 
cupido  gloriae  novissima  exuitur  H.  4,  6. 
adeoque  improvisi  castra  involvere   H.  4,  33. 
mox  alios  ac  praecipuum  an.  11,  14. 
intrepidi  transiere    an.  2,  8. 

XLI.  Adjectives  for  Adverbs  in  Vergil. 

Adversus  Aen.  1,  103;  2,  416;  6,  684.    Alpini  4,  442. 
Alter  6,  713.    alternus  3,  423;  5,  584;  11,  426. 
altus  1,  209;  6,  9.    Anticus  1,  12.    Castus  3,  409;  6,  402. 
Certus  5,  2;  9,  96.    dexter  2,  388;  5,  162;  6,  541. 
dispersus  10,  406.    diversus  2,  298;  5,  166;  9,  416. 


—     53     — 

extremus  4,  179.    ferus  4,  466.    gratissima  2,  269. 

gravis  5,  178;  5,  387;  5,  447.    imus  10,  785.    inanis  4,  449. 

infensus  2,  72.    ingens  3,  62.    largior  6,  640. 

medius  1,  348;  4,  61;  4,  204.    multus  2,  397. 

nocturnus  4,  303;  4,  490;  6,  252.    nullus  4,  232. 

oblicus  5,  274.    omnis  1,  180.    par  5,  580. 

plurimus  1,  419;  12,  690.    praepes  5,  254. 

primus  1,  613;  1,  737;  5,  66.    rapidus  1,  644. 

secretus  4,  494;  8,  610.    serus  5,  524.    splendidus  1,  637. 

subitus  3,  225.    sublimis  1,  415;  6,  720;  1,  259. 

tertius  3,  645.    turbidus  9,  57.    vanus  1,  392.    verus  2,  78. 

violentus  6,  356.    volatile  8,  694. 

XLII.  Substantives  for  Adjectives. 
Spectator  populus  H.  3,  83.    domus  regnatrix  an.  1,  4. 
corruptor  animus   an.  3,  54.    bellator  equus   G.  14. 
regnator  deus   G-.  39,  10.    imperator  populus   an.  3,  6. 
mare  Hadria    an.  15,  34.    H.  3,  42.    mare  oceanus    an.  4,  12. 
Sidus  cometes   an  14,  22;  15,  47. 
promenturium  Misenum    an.  14,  4. 

vetus  oppidum  Puteoli    an.  14,  27.    Jovi  liberator!   an.  15,  64. 
victor  rex   an.  11,  17.    victor  equitatus    H.  3,  18. 
victores  exercitus    H.  4,  57. 
quern  (exercitum)  incruentum  et  victorem    an.  12,  17. 

XLIII.  The  following  are  from  Vergil. 

Anus sacerdos   Aen.  7,  419. 

regina sacerdos    Aen.  1,  273. 

lupi  ....  raptores  Aen.  2,  355.    bellator  equus   G.  2,  145. 

XLIV.  The  use  of  the  preposition  ex  for  adjectives  and  adverbs. 

A  mode  of  expression  which  has  been  used  by  the  poets, 

generally  after  the  manner  of  the  Greeks. 

ex  honesto  an.  3,  55,  53.    ex  integro  H.  3,  59. 
ex  facile    Agric.  15.    H.  3,  49. 
ex  adfluente   H.  1,  57. 

ex  aequo   Agr.  20.     G.  36.    H.  4,  64;   2,  77,   97.    an.  13,  2; 
15,  13, 

On  like  principle, 
in  arto    an.  4,  32;  3,  13. 


—    54    — 

in  aperto    an.  3,  56;  4,  4.    Agr.  1,  33. 

in  levi    an.  3,  54.    H.  2,  21. 

in  neutrum    H.  3,  32. 

in  mollius    an.  3,  12;  3,  44;  4,  23. 

in  detenus    an.  2,  82;   13,  43;  14,  43;  12,  64;  13,  14;  1,  62; 
3,  10.    H.  4,  68;  2,  52;  3,  13;  4,  50. 

in  maius    an.  15,  30;  4,  23. 

in  incertum    an.  1,  11.    in  speciem    an.  1,  52;  2,  6. 

in  vulgus    an.  1,  28.    in  confesso    D.  25,  27. 

in  integro    H.  3,  2.    in  incerto    H,  1,  37.    an.  3,  84. 

in  ambiguo    an.  2,  45. 

in  agmen  et  numerum    an.  15,  71. 

in  spem   an.  14,  63.    H.  4,  42. 

in  incertum  et  ambiguum    an.  1,  11. 

in  lacrimas    an.  1,  57.    in  saevitiam    an.  15,  44. 

in  mortem    an.  4,  45. 

per  iram  Agr.  38.    H.  5,  15;  3,  22.    an.  3,  84;  2,  68. 

per  silentium   an.  14,  10;   16,  25.    H.  2,  74.     Agr.  3.    an.  2, 
38;  4,  53;  11,  37. 

per  licentiam  H.  3,  19;  4,  22;  2,  12.    an.  3,  13. 

per  acies    an.  1,  1. 

per  speciem   an.  4,  8;  5,  8;  6,  50;  11,  1;  12,  13;  12,  41;  16, 
18;  4,  54;  1,  34.    H.  1,  24;  1,  71;  4,  57;  5,  12. 

per  nomen  an.  1,  17;  13,  9.    per  omnem   Agr.  4. 

per  honesta  an.  1,  75. 

per  otium   G.  15.    an.  1,  31;  13,  54.    H.  3,  78;  5,  10. 
,   magnas  per  opes   an.  6,  22.    per  nimiam  fiduciam   Agr.  37. 
v  per  intervalla   Agr.  44. 
v  per  lamenta  ac  maerorem   Agr.  29.    acies  per  cuneos   G.  6. 

per  cohortes  et  manipulos    H.  4,  78. 

per  catervas    an.  2,  45. 

per  ludibrium    an.  1,  20;  2,  17. 

per  ferociam   an.  1,  20;  2,  17.    per  superbiam  an.  1,  61. 
s'per  ambitionem   Agr,  40. 


XLV.  Vergil. 

in  abrumptum   Aen.  3,  422;  12,  687.    in  praeceps  6,  578. 
in  numerum  8,  453.     per  lunam  2,  340. 
per  umbram  2,  420.    per  mutua  7,  66. 


—    55    — 

XLVJ.  The  following  prepositions  are  rare  and  in  no 
earlier  prose. 

Adusque   an.  15,  58.      Ov.  Met.  4,  20.     Hor.  Sat.  bk.   1,  97; 

bk.  1,  596.    Verg.  Aen.  11,  262. 
abusque    an.  13,  47;  15,  37.    Verg.  Aen.  7,  289. 

"The  adverbial  use  of  neuter  adjectives  is  extended  from 
the  more  regular  (as  multum,  nimium,  summum  etc.)  to  more 
distinctly  poetical  usages." 

Aeternum    an.  3,  26;  12,  28.    Verg.  Aen.  6,  401;  11,  98. 
immensum    an.  3,  30;  3,  52;  4,  27;  4,  40;  6,  37.    Verg. 
supremum    H.  4,  14.    Verg.  Aen.  3,  68. 
praeceps   an.  4,  62;  6,  17.    Verg.  Geo.  1,  203.    Aen.  6,  578. 
recens   H.  1,  77;  4,  68;  4,  83.    an.  2,  21;  4,  5;  4,  62;  4,69; 

6,  2;  6,  10;  11,  25;  12,  18;  12,  27;  12,  63;  14,  31; 

15,  27;  15,  26,  51.    Verg.  Geo.  3,  156. 

XL VII.  Qui  relative  where  quis  =  quibus. 

dative: 

quis  aliqua  pars  et  cura  rei  publicae   H,  1,  50. 
quis  singula  milia  inessent   H.  2,  93. 

quis  vetus  obsequium  ergra  Romanos  ....  patientior    H.  3,  5. 
quis  nee  amor  necque  odium  in  partes    H.  4,  31. 
quis  flagitii  conscientia  inerat    H.  4,  41. 
quis  fausta  nomina    H.  4,  53. 
quis  vel  ex  longe  pace  ....  amor    H.  5,  16. 
quis  impugnandus  agger    an.  2,  20. 
quis  Cotys  traderetur   an.  2,  66.     quis  idonea  aetas   an.  2,  85. 

quis  velocissimos addiderat    an.  3,  21. 

quis  etiam  reges  obtemperarent    an.  3,  26. 
quis  ob  infantiam  tutor  erat    an.  3,  38. 
quis  praecipium  fuit  rerum    an.  4,  14. 
quis  maxime  fidebant  an,  4,  56. 
quis  additus  miles  nuntios    an.  4,  67,  20. 
quis  ingentium  beluarum  feraces  saltus   an.  4,  72. 
quis  nulla  ex  honesta  spes    an.  5,  3. 
quis  neque  boni  intellectus    an.  6,  36. 
quis  ob  accusatam    an.  12,  9. 
quis  Caelius  Pollio  praefectus  an.  12,  45. 
a  claudio  impositus    an.  13,  14. 


—     56     — 

ablative: 

quis  multos  antierat   H.  4,  7.    quis  legatus  lapis   H.  4,  53. 
quis  flagrantem  retineret    H.  4,  68. 
quis  temere  antea  intutis  consederat    H.  4,  75. 
quis  solis  corrumpantur  H.  4,  76.    quis  caelestis  favor  H.  4,  8L 
quis  res  mortalis  reguntur    H.  5,  4. 
quis  vel  plana  satis  munerentur   H.  5,  11. 
quis  templum  ambibatur   H.  5,  12. 
quis  viam  Appiam  ....  operiret    an.  2,  30. 
quis  creditur  animas  ....  sacrari    an.  2,  69. 
quis  amicitiam  ei  renuntiabat    an.  2,  70. 
quis  pace  et  principe  uterentur    an.  3,  28. 
quis  domus  ilia  immensum  viguit   an.  3,  30. 
quis  pecunia  prodigitur    an.  3,  52. 
quis  lapidum  causa  .  .  .  transferuntur  an.  3,  53. 
quis  Servias  Galba  rerum  adeptus  est  an.  3,  55. 
quis  potestatem  tribuniciam  Druso  petebat    an.  3,  52. 
quis  multo  cum  honore  modus  tamen  praescribebatur  an.  3, 63. 

quis  abesse  taedia agitari   an.  4,  41. 

quis  per  occultum  lacerabatur   an.  4,  42. 
quis  commotus  incusavit    an.  6,  13. 

quis  secundum  jussa componerent    an.  6,  16. 

quis  primo  ....  quasi  ....  fuit   an.  6,  24. 

quis  incusabat  an.  6,  27.    quis  permitti  ....  orabant  an.  11,  10. 

quis  subactus  miles   an.  11,  20. 

quis  fatentibus circumstrepunt  an.  11,  31. 

quis  per  eos  .  .  .  incesserant    an.  14,  21. 

in  quis   Agr.   37,  26.    H.  1,  88,  6.     H.  3,  77,  11.    H.  4,  71, 

27.    H.  5,  3,  16.    H.  5,  19,  12.    H.  5,  21,  3.    an. 

I,  25,  8;  2,  8,  3,  10;  12,  28,  9. 
a  quis   H.  4,  25,  11.    an.  1,  57,  2. 
ex  quis   an.  1,  18,  11;  1,  77,  12;  3,  55,  3;  3,  74,  3;  4,  16,  4; 

4,  32,  12;   5,  6,  2;   6,  2,  9;   6,  14,  2;  11,  38,  13;. 

12,  14,  5;  12,  56,  10;  14,  5,  4;  14,  42,  9. 
cum  quis   12,  28,  6. 

XLVm.  Vergil. 

quis  ante  ora  patrum   Aen.  1,  95. 

quis  bella  gerendo  Aen.  7,  444.    quis  Juppiter  Aen.  7,  799. 

quis  fortuna  negarat  Aen.  10,  435.     quis  innexa  Aen.  5,  51J. 


_    57    —       .-••-  :.  ;    ::;•;•-.:;: :-./: 

XLIX.  Quamquam  with  the  Subjunctive. 

quamquam  .  k  .  .  .  depulisset    an.  2,  1. 

quamquam  .  .  .  permulsisset    an.  2,  34. 

quamquam  esset   an.  1,  3.     quamquam  pervenirent   an.  3,  55. 

quamquam  monuisset    an.  4,  67. 

quamquam  .  .  .  elaborentur  D.  6. 

quamquam  ....  disputes   D.  15.    quamquam  natus  sit  D.  21. 

quamquam  .  .  .  habeat    D.  26. 

quamquam  ....  sequerentur   D.  34. 

quamquam  ....  miscuerit  Agr.  3. 

quamquam  ....  esset   Agr.  6. 

quamquam  .  .  .  potitus  sit  Agr.  13. 

quamquam metuerint   G.  28. 

quamquam  .  .  consederint   G.  29. 

quamquam  incipiat   G.  35.    quamquam  vocentur   G.  38. 

quamquam  ....  adissent  H.  1. 

quamquam  ....  veheretur  H.  2,  5. 

quamquam  ....  tenderet    H.  3,  10. 

quamquam  ....  tradiderint   H.  3,  22. 

quamquam  .  .  promitterent   H.  3,  59. 

quamquam  ....  sequeretur    H.  3,  82. 

quamquam evassisset    H.  5,  21. 

quamquam  esset   an.  1,  3. 

quamquam  .  .  .  legeretur    an.  2,  48. 

quamquam  ....  abruisset   an.  2,  78. 

quamquam  ....  abstmerent    an.  2,  82. 

quamquam  .  .  .  censuissent    an.  3,  11. 

quamquam  .  .  .  censuissent    an.  3,  23. 

quamquam  ....  foret    an.  3,  24. 

quamquam  .  .  .  pervenirent  an.  3,  55. 

quamquam  ....  sit  an.  4,  4.    quamquam  abruerent  an.  4, 17. 

quamquam  ....  damnasset   an.  4,  42. 

quamquam  ....  suaderet    an.  4,  59. 

quamquam  ....  monuisset   an.  4,  67. 

quamquam cecidissent    an.  4,  73. 

quamquam  .  .  .  transient    an.  6,  51. 
quamquam  ....  offunderentur    an.  11,  20. 

quamquam reciperavissent  an.  11,  22. 

quamquam pollerent   an.  11,  24. 

quamquam  ....  eximerent   an.  11,  32. 


^>?G^;    i  A  '  '<       —    58    — 

quamquam  .  .  .  vocaretur    an.  12,  14. 
quamquam  .  .  .  praeferret    an.  13,  3. 
quamquam  censuissent    an.  13,  10. 
quamquam  confideret    an.  14,  36. 
quamquam  ....  saepsisset    an.  15,  57. 

Quamquam essent   Ver.  Aen.  6,  494. 

L.  Metonymy  and  Abstract  for  Concrete  Terms. 

auxilia  =  auxiliares  copiae     A.  18.     H.  1,   26;    2,  4.      an. 

13,  38. 

Vigiliae  =  excubiae    an.  1,  32.    H.  3,  69.    an.  13,  55. 
militia  =  milites    H.  3,  18. 
matrimonia  =  conjuges    an.  2,  13. 
conjugium  =  uxor    an.  11,  34;  4,  3;  14,  27;  15,  37. 
necessitudines  =  propinqui    H.  1,  15;  3,  59. 
adfinitas  =  adfines    A.  44.    an.  11,  24. 
amicitiae  =  amici   A.  44.    H.  1,  10;  2,  87.    an.  4,  40;  5,  2. 
dominationes  =  regna    an.  3,  6;  6,  42. 
nobilitates  =  nobilitas    an.  12,  20. 
remigium  =  remi    G.  44.    H.  3,  47.    an.  2,  6;  12,  56. 
clientelae  =  clientes    an.  12,  36;  13,  37;  14,  61. 
servitium  =  servitus    an.  1,  23;  12,  17. 
exilium  =  locus  exilii   H.  4,  44.   an.  13,  55.   in  places,  exiles. 

H.  1,  2. 

f  de  rebus  et  institutis  antiquis    D.  30.    an.  2,  59; 
antiquitas   J  12,  61. 

I  antiqui    an.  15,  13;  3,  4. 
consultationes  =  consilium    G.  10.    an.  4,  40. 
consultationes  =  postulationes    an.  16,  14.    H.  2,  4. 
ingenia  =  felix  cogitatio    an.  12,  66;  14,  3;  15,  42.   H.  3,  38. 
delectus  =  copiae  conscriptae    H.  4,  71. 
consilia  =  consultores    an.  4,  40. 
jura  =  licentiae    an.  3,  60. 
liberalitas  =  donum    an.  2,  37. 
origo  —  majores   an.  4,  9. 
originem  =  auctores    G.  2. 
regna  =  reges    an.  3,  55. 
vitae  usus  =  decori  homines   an.  4,  30. 
verbere  =  rare  singular  form  (poetical)   an.  5,  9. 
concentus  =  clamatio   G.  3. 


—    59    —      ;•"  ;.  :      ;'/,;';, 

gloria  frontis  =  cornua    G.  5. 

press!  curra  =  press!  jugo    G.  10. 

Venus  =  concubitus    G.  20. 

pubertas  =  facultas  generandi    G.  20. 

pretia  =  praemia    G.  20. 

magno  corpore  =  rei  publicae  magnitudine    G.  39. 

nomen  =  gens    G.  43. 

superstitionis  =  religionis    G.  43. 

subbilitatem  =  calliditatem    A.  9. 

patientia  =  obsevantia    A.  16. 

numeri  =  cohortes  or  manipuli    A.  18. 

annos  =  annonam    A.  31. 

aegra  =  aversa    A.  32. 

terra  editum  =  indigena    G.  2. 

satis  =  segetibus    G.  5. 

mortal!  opere  =  hominum  opere    G.  10. 

habitus  =  vestitus    G.  17. 

aetate  =  juventa   G.  19. 

puerperium  =  partus    an.  12,  6;  15,  23. 

atteri  =  vine!    Agr.  9. 

multus  =  frequens    Agr.  20. 

secret!  =  desert!    G.  38. 

maioribus  =  illustrioribus    G.  40. 

officio  =  salutatione    G.  40. 

militares  viri  =  duces    G.  41. 

visus  =  species    G.  45. 

artibus  =  mores   H.  1,  10. 

dubiis  =  periculis   H,  1,  28. 

vexillis  =  manipulis    H.  1,  36. 

sine  more  =  inaudita    H.  1,  38.    cf.  Aen.  7,  377. 

abruptus  =  praeceps    H.  1,  48.    cf.  Aen.  2,  460. 

modestia  =  disciplina   H.  1,  60. 

intent!  =  alacres    H.  1,  62.    cf.  Aen.  4,  138. 

tutulus  =  leges   H.  1,  71. 

dirimitur  =  dividitur    H.  1,  76.    cf.  Aen.  7,  226. 

otium  =  muneris  functo    H.  1,  82. 

consternatis  =  eruptis    H.  1,  83. 

fugientibus  =  progredientibus    G.  33. 

exsequi  =  punire    Agr.  19. 

misceri  =  contendere    H.  1,  38.    cf.  Verg.  Geo.  1,  360. 

expediam  =  exponam    H.  1,  51. 


U/:£«{Ycen    <  t-  c°l     —    60    — 

magnificas  =  magniloquas    H.  1,  74. 

latum  =  copiosum    H.  1,  90. 

adolentur  =  immolare    H.  2,  3.    cf.  Aen.  7,  71. 

gliscentem  =  crescentem    H.  2,  8. 

expositos  =  objectos   H.  2,  30. 

summa  modestia  =  acri  disciplina   H.  2,  87. 

natalibus  =  genere  or  origine    H.  2,  86. 

adductus  =  serverius    H.  3,  6. 

interiectus  =  obvius    H.  3,  8. 

ciens  =  appelans    H.  3,  10. 

vernile  =  servi   H.  3,  32. 

consuleret  =  paceret   H.  3,  82. 

exhausisset  =  egisset   H.  4,  33. 

miscendo  =  communicando    H.  4,  41. 

hiatu  =  cupiditate    H.  4,  42. 

absurda  =  aliena    H.  4,  48. 

sublati  ==  elati    H.  4,  63.    cf.  Aen.  10,  502. 

civitatis  =  urbis    H.  4,  63. 

occulorum  tabe  =  caecitate    H.  4,  81. 

auctoribus  =  scriptoribus    H.  4,  83.     . 

trahebant  =  interpretabantur    H.  5,  13. 

pondus  =  onus    D.  1. 

fabulas  =  sermones    D.  2. 

oficii  =  honoris    D.  6. 

vates  =  poeta   D.  9. 

opinio  =  fama   D.  10. 

cothurnum  =  tragoedia   D.  10. 

quatenus  —  qnoniam    D.  19.    cf.  D,  5. 

intineribus  =  via    D.  19. 

exprimere  =  imitare    D.  20. 

eloquentia  =  stylu   D.  23. 

sensuum  =  sententiarum   D.  23. 

altitudinem  =  sublimitatem   D.  31. 

rubore  =  pudore    D.  36. 

finis  =  mors    an.  6,  25. 

lubricam  =  vacillantem  or  periculosam    an.  13,  2. 

ferociam  =  superbam    an.  13,  2. 

vanitas  =  mendaeium   an.  13,  23. 

gravis  =  obnoxia    an.  13,  23. 

curriculo  =  currui    an.  14,  14. 

vanitate  =  supestitione    an.  14,  22. 


61  •        •  '5        ;»•»••  ''? '% 

vacuum  =  apertum    an.  14,  28. 

puella  =  uxor  juvenis    an.  14,  64.    cf.  Her.  Od.  3,  22,  2. 

vapore  =  calore    an.  11,  3;  15,  43. 

integris  =  non  certis    an.  15,  25. 

miscuere  =  junxere    an.  15,  28. 

complexu  —  occulo    an.  15,  30. 

vagis  =  variis    an.  15,  54.    cf.  Aen.  6,  160. 

vanitatem  =  credulitatem    an.  16,  1. 

Metonymy  is  common  in  all  speech,  but  is  used  with 
special  force  and  effectiveness  in  poetry.  It  may  be  con- 
sidered that  Tacitus  felt  this.  His  love  for  variety  also  led 
him,  we  may  believe,  to  a  vigorous  use  of  the  abstract  for 
the  concrete. 

LI.  Personification. 

The  boldness  of  the  figures  in  implied  or  expressed  per- 
sonification found  in  Tacitus  is  striking;  so  much  so  that  they 
are  prima  facie  of  poetical  spirit  and  content. 

intrepida  hiems    Agr.  22. 

bellum  aperuit    G.  1. 

virtus  agnoscit    G.  22. 

sepulcrum  caespes  erigit    G.  27. 

prava  ....  agit    G.  44. 

circumsteterat  .  .  .  exspectatis    H.  1,  17. 

multa  seditionis  ora  vocesque    an.  1,  31. 

vestigia  morientis  libertatis    an.  1,  74. 

ipsum  .  fluere    an.  1,  79. 

eductae  .  .  .  hostes    an.  12,  16. 

lacrimas  ....  revocat    an.  15,  62. 

nox  .  .  .  obsequia   H.  1,  80. 

(H.  3,  39.    H.  2,  62.    strepentibus  ....  intieribus.) 

strepere  provinciae   H.  2,  84. 

noctem  minacem    an.  1,  28. 

nox  tulit    an.  2,  14. 

nox  .  .  .  conjunxit    an.  13,  17. 

annus  aperuit   Ag.  22.    an.  1,  54;  4,  14;  4,  15;  6,  45. 

Tiber    an.  1,  79.        lux    an.  1,  70. 

dies    an.  14,  41.        consulatus   D.  36. 

eloquentia   D.  37. 


'•'.  :  :'•':'  '.•.'•  T'i  :     :  /•  "':      —    62    — 

LII.  Metaphors. 

The  following  metaphors  are  worthy  of  attention  on  account 
of  the  poetical  boldness  of  expression. 

excindere  hostem    an.  12,  39.    H.  5,  16.    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  9, 137. 
eruendae  civitates    H.  4,  72.     urbem  emit   Verg.  Aen.  2,  611. 

quidquid  silvarum  ac  montium  erigitur    G.  46.  er?"     ?n'  ; ' 

/  4-T7     insnlfi 

praecipuum  montium  Libanum  erigit    H.  5,  6.  | 

I  engitur. 

exercitus  flamaverat   H.  2,  74. 

pugionem  .  .  .  asperari  saxo  et  in  mucronem   f  15,  54.    Lucan 
ardescere  jussit  I        7,  139. 

acerrimam  bello  facem  praetulit   H.  2,  86. 

abruptis  vitae  blandimentis   H.  2,  53.  me 

abruptis  voluptatibus    H.  4,  64.  <  en* 

i  nee  somnos 

pacem  abrumpere 

Geo.  3,  530. 

fas  gentium  rupistis    an.  1,  42. 

rupturi  imperium    H.  3,  19. 

servitium  aliorum  rupit    an.  14,  49. 

rupta  voce    an.  6,  20. 

miscere  coetus    an.  1,  16. 

mixtus  consiliis    H.  2,  7. 

miscere  ictus    Agr.  36. 

dexteras  miscuere    an.  15,  28. 

pericula  sua  miscere    an.  16,  34. 

futura  volvens    an.  1,  64.    |  Volvens  fatorum  arcana  Aen.  1, 262. 

bellum ...  volverat  an.  3, 38./Multa  volvens    Verg.  G.  2,  295. 

bellum . . .  volebat   H.  1,  64.J  fama  volat   Verg.  Aen.  3,  121. 

asperantem  tumentem   H.  3,  31. 

vox  ....  intumescat    G.  3. 

intumere  statim  superbia  ferociaque    H.  4,  19. 

intumescente  motu   an.  1,  38. 

,  .  K-I     f  Verg.  Aen.  10,  648.  animo  spem 

hauserunt  ammo   an.  1,  51.   \  ..... 

I       turbidus  hausit  in  amem. 

si  aliquando  obumbrentur   H.  2,  32. 
maesta  fama  =  tristis  fama   H.  2,  46. 

I  Verg.  Aen.  6,  304. 

cruda  ac  viridis  senectus   Agr.  29.  J        cruda  deo  vividisque 

senectus. 


—     63    — 


ubere  agri   H.  3,  34.    Verg.  Aen.  1,  531.    potens  armis  atque 

ubere  glaebae. 

infamibus  ....  locis    H.  2,  93.    cf.  Hor.  Od.  1,  3,  20. 
nova  laborum  facies  H.  3,  30.  J   Verg<  ^    ^  m      ^ 

facies;  facies  =  species. 


locorum  facies    an.  14,  10. 
in  faciem  pacis    an.  13,  38. 
locorum  fraude    an.  12,  33. 
furtim  noctis    Agr.  34. 


Verg.  Aen.  9,  397. 
loci  et  noctis. 


annus  =  annus  proventus   Agr.  31.    G.  14. 
vulnera   derigere    H.  2,  35.     Verg.  Aen.  10,   140. 
(ictus)  derigere. 


fraude 


vulnera 


i 

^o     .gsaESBsteat     o^ 

Eupel's  Hofbuchdruckerei,  Sondershausen. 


